@article{Birngruber1996,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Indorf, L. and Soultanopoulos, D. and Droge, G. and Eggers, H. and SchmidtErfurth, U.},
   title = {Photodynamic occlusion of ocular neovascularization: Preclinical evaluation of liposomal zinc phthalocyanine},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37},
   number = {3},
   pages = {4214-4214},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39704208},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1995,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Schroer, F. and Mohrenstecher, D. and Droge, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Ablation Dynamics in Laser Sclerostomy Ab-Externo},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {36},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S558-S558},
   note = {Qm915
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995QM91502583},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1994,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Hasan, T. and Gragoudas, E. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Vascular targeting in photodynamic occlusion of subretinal vessels},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {101},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1953-61},
   note = {0161-6420 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) for occlusion of subretinal neovascular membranes, the authors studied efficiency and collateral damage of PDT-induced photothrombosis in the rabbit choriocapillary layer. METHOD: Benzoporphyrin derivative, a new photosensitizer, currently in clinical trials for tumor therapy, was used. Low-density lipoprotein served as a carrier to enhance selective targeting of vascular endothelial cells. RESULTS: Complete choriocapillary occlusion was achieved at a BPD dose of 2 mg/kg and a radiant exposure as low as 10 J/cm2. When PDT was performed 3 hours after BPD application, damage to the neural retina was minimal. Only inner photoreceptor segments showed mitochondrial swelling probably secondary to choroidal ischemia. Bruch's membrane remained intact. Retinal pigment epithelium was invariably damaged as seen with other photosensitizers. CONCLUSION: Compared with photocoagulation BPD-PDT allows endothelial-bound intraluminal photothrombosis, sparing important structures such as neural retina and Bruch's membrane. It may thus provide a more selective treatment of juxtafoveal and subfoveal neovascular membranes.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bruch Membrane/drug effects/pathology/radiation effects
Choroid/blood supply
Drug Carriers
Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects/pathology/radiation effects
Lipoproteins, LDL/therapeutic use
*Photochemotherapy/methods
Photoreceptors/drug effects/pathology/radiation effects
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/drug effects/pathology/radiation effects
Porphyrins/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Rabbits
Radiation-Sensitizing Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Retinal Neovascularization/*drug therapy/pathology
Retinal Vessels/*drug effects/pathology/radiation effects},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7997334},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1994,
   author = {Roider, J. and Traccoli, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Anderson, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selektiver Gefässverschluss durch repetierende kurze Laserpulse},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {3},
   pages = {274-9},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The occlusion of arterioles and venules (30 microns in diameter) by means of repeated dye laser pulses (577 nm, 160 microseconds, 0.5 Hz) was studied in the hamster cheek pouch model. Microscopically visible changes during and after irradiation were recorded and monitored by a video system. The energy necessary per pulse for vessel occlusion with a single pulse (arterioles 5 J/cm2, venules 3.5 J/cm2) can be lowered more than 50% with 100 pulses (1.8 J/cm2, 1.2 J/cm2). Rupture of vessels, which regularly occurs with a single pulse, can be totally avoided with 100 repetitive laser pulses. Investigations of the temperature dependence of the occlusion rate of arterioles showed different interaction mechanisms with one pulse and 100 pulses (mechanical and thermal respectively). Light and electron microscopic investigations supported this concept of selective occlusion using repeated short laser pulses. Possible clinical applications are portwine stains of the eyelid, neovascularisation on the cornea and subretinal neovascularisation.},
   keywords = {Animals
Arterioles/pathology
Cheek/blood supply
Cricetinae
*Disease Models, Animal
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron
Retinal Neovascularization/pathology/*surgery
Venules/pathology
Video Recording/*instrumentation},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8086741},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Binkmann1994,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Dröge, G. and Koop, N. and Wördemann, A. and Schirner, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Investigations on laser thermokeratoplasty},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {6},
   number = {4},
   pages = {259 - 270},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Inderfurth1994,
   author = {Inderfurth, J. H. C. and Ferguson, R. D. and Puliafito, C. A. and Frish, M. B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Reflectance Monitoring during Retinal Photocoagulation in Humans - Steps toward the Development of an Automated Feedback-Controlled Photocoagulator},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1374-1374},
   note = {Mz585
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MZ58500560},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1994,
   author = {Schmidt Erfurth, U W; Gragoudas, E; Flotte, T J;  Michaud, N A;  Birngruber, R and Hasan, T},
   title = {Photodynamic Therapy of Experimental Choroidal Melanoma Using Lipoprotein-Delivered Benzoporphyrin},
   journal = {Ophthal},
   
   pages = {89-99},
   note = {Mv308
Times Cited:81
Cited References Count:32},
   abstract = {Background: Benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid (BPD) is a new photosensitizer currently undergoing clinical trial for cutaneous malignancies. Compared with the clinically most frequently used sensitizer, Photofrin, BPD may offer higher tumor phototoxicity, better tissue penetration, and absence of significant skin sensitization. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) carriers heighten efficiency and selectivity of BPD because neovascular and tumor cells express an increased number of LBL receptors. Hence, in addition to the vaso-occlusive effects similar to most other photosensitizers, LDL-BPD also has been shown to cause direct tumor cell damage.
Methods: Benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid was complexed with human LDL and used in photodynamic treatment of choroidal melanomas experimentally induced in eight albino rabbits. Five rabbits served as controls. Three hours after intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg body weight of LDL-BPD, eight tumors were irradiated at 692 nm and 100 J/cm(2) via an argon-pumped dye laser coupled into a slit lamp.
Results: Angiography and histologic findings showed immediate photothrombosis after disintegration of endothelial membranes. After complete necrosis of tumor cells within 24 hours, a small fibrotic scar slowly developed. No tumor regrowth was noted up to 6 weeks when animals were killed.
Conclusion: These data suggest that photodynamic treatment with LDL-BPD may be a promising modality for multiple clinical applications, including tumors and neovascularizations II.},
   keywords = {hematoporphyrin photoradiation therapy
malignant-melanoma
intraocular tumors
cells
photoimmunotherapy
oxygen
cancer
invivo
agent},
   ISSN = {0161-6420},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MV30800018},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1994,
   author = {Wetzel, W;Häring, G;Brinkmann, R and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Laser sclerostomy ab externo using the erbium: YAG laser. First results of a clinical study},
   journal = {Germ j ophthal},
   volume = {3(2)},
  
   pages = {112-115},
   ISSN = {0941-2921},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1994,
   author = {Roider, J. and Schiller, M. and el Hifnawi, E. S. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Retinal photocoagulation with a pulsed, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm)]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {6},
   pages = {777-82},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The small difference in wavelength between an argon laser (514 nm) and a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm), together with the advantage of the solid-state technology, makes the Nd:YAG laser likely to play a major role in retinal photocoagulation in the near future. For technical reasons all frequency-doubled Nd:YAG lasers work in a quasi-continuous mode, emitting a burst of highly repetitive short laser pulses during the exposure time desired. We investigated the side effects due to high peak irradiances of those short laser pulse trains (Crystal Focus Nd:YAG laser, Emerald; pulse duration 1-10 microseconds, repetition rate 13 KHz) in rabbits in comparison with a standard argon laser system (Zeiss, Visulas, Argon II). The energy necessary for blanching the retina was similar in both cases. As opposed to the argon laser system, subretinal bubbles were regularly visible ophthalmoscopically with the Nd:YAG system, when average powers as high as 200 mW were used. The ED50 power for bubble formation is about 2-3 times above the ED50 power for blanching. Thermal calculations show that this bubble formation effect is likely to be related to the peak power of the short pulses. The hemorrhage threshold is similar in both systems. However, light microscopically there is no difference between the two laser systems. Panretinal photocoagulation (300-500 microns, 100-200 ms) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy produced such bubbles about once per 1000 lesions.},
   keywords = {Animals
Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology/surgery
Equipment Design
Humans
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron
Ophthalmoscopy
Rabbits
Retina/injuries/pathology/*surgery
Retinal Hemorrhage/pathology
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative/pathology/surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7849431},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1994,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Asiyovogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Investigations on Intrastromal Refractive Surgery with Picosecond Nd-Yag Laser-Pulses},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2155-2155},
   note = {Mz585
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MZ58504161},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schirner1994,
   author = {Schirner, G. and Huber, A. and Wordemann, A. and Droge, G. and el-Hifnawi, E. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {[Experimental studies on the effect of the Er:glass and Cr:Tm:Ho:YAG laser in thermokeratoplasty]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {5},
   pages = {638-45},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {So far the dose-effect ratio of the Holmium laser (wavelength 2.12 microns) and the erbium laser (1.54 microns) for laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) are not defined in detail. Our study was designed not only to compare the erbium contact and the holmium non-contact applications but also to throw light on the influence of different geometrical application patterns, pulse energies, pulses per coagulation site and repetition rates under experimental conditions. Enucleated sheep and pig eyes were used 2-6 h post mortem, pressurized to 25 mmHg and moisturized with saline solution. Before and after LTK, pachymetry and keratometry were performed. Some specimens were prepared for light and scanning microscopy. The coagulation threshold for the erbium laser in a contact mode with a 200-microns fibre was 25 J/cm2 (ca. 8 mJ/pulse) and for the holmium laser 8 J/cm2 (ca. 2.5 mJ/pulse). The erbium laser was used in a single shot per spot mode, the holmium laser in repeated pulse per spot mode. With the single shot per spot mode, we were able to induce a promising hyperopic shift of up to -3.47 +/- 0.61 D, while myopic changes could only be induced up to +1.89 +/- 0.74 D. Higher changes of up to +8.27 +/- 1.3 D could be achieved by means of repeated pulses per spot (20 pulses, 45 mJ, 10 Hz). Our experiments showed an obvious increase of dioptric changes when using a higher repetition rate while pulse energy and number were kept constant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
   keywords = {Animals
Cornea/pathology
Corneal Transplantation/*instrumentation/pathology
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Myopia/pathology/surgery
Refraction, Ocular
Sheep
Swine},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7812097},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Inderfurth1994,
   author = {Inderfurth, J. H. and Ferguson, R. D. and Frish, M. B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Dynamic reflectometer for control of laser photocoagulation on the retina},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {15},
   number = {1},
   pages = {54-61},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {In retinal laser photocoagulation, constant exposure parameters do not result in identical lesions. This lack of reproducibility increases the rate of complications from over- or undertreatment and inhibits determination of the optimal treatment endpoints for different retinal disorders. To this end, a feedback-controlled photocoagulator could make retinal photocoagulation a safer, more reproducible, and faster procedure. A dynamic confocal reflectometer was integrated into a slit lamp laser delivery system. Real-time reflectance changes on the retinas of pigmented rabbits were obtained by monitoring the increasing back-scattered light of the coagulating beam during argon laser photocoagulation. Reproducible temporal reflectance patterns were measured that correlated with ophthalmoscopically assessed lesion intensity independent of the exposure parameters, the transparency of the optical media, and the focusing conditions. As a step toward the development of a feedback-controlled photocoagulator, the confocal reflectometer has been proven in animal trials closely resembling clinical practice.},
   keywords = {Animals
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation/methods
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7997048},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1994,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Asiyo-Vogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Intrastromal refractive corneal surgery with pico-second Nd:YAG laser pulses]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {5},
   pages = {655-62},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {Intrastromal laser surgery with picosecond pulses aims to achieve refractive changes of the cornea without damaging the epithelium, Bowman's membrane, or the endothelium. For that, a tissue layer with well-defined thickness has to be evaporated by creating laser plasmas within the corneal stroma. We investigated the plasma formation and the plasma-induced shock wave emission and bubble generation (cavitation) in the cornea, as well as the tissue effects and the range for endothelial damage. The laser light source used was an Nd:YAG laser emitting pulses with a duration of 30 ps at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. Intrastromal plasma formation and cavitation were investigated in sheep eyes in vitro by means of time-resolved macro-photography with 20 ns exposure time. Photographs were taken at various delay times (3 microseconds-2 min) after the release of the Nd:YAG laser pulse. The morphology of the laser effects and the incidence of endothelial damage was investigated by light-microscopic inspection of histological cross sections of the irradiated corneas. The minimal plasma size at energies close to the breakdown threshold was about 40 microns. Using a laser effects could be created without causing microscopically detectable damage to the epithelium, endothelium, or Bowman's membrane. To avoid damage, the distance between endothelium and laser focus had to be larger than 150 microns. Shock wave-induced tissue damage was not observed, although the maximum shock wave pressure was up to 13 kbar. The laser-generated intrastromal cavities are at least 10 times larger than the plasma volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
   keywords = {Animals
Corneal Stroma/pathology/*surgery
Endothelium, Corneal/pathology
Epithelium/pathology
Equipment Design
Laser Surgery/*instrumentation
*Refraction, Ocular
Sheep
Surface Properties},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7812100},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1994,
   author = {Schirner, G;Huber, A;Wördemann, A;GRÖGE, G; El-Hifnawi, E; Birngruber, R and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Wirkung des Er: Glas-und Cr: TM: Ho: YAG-Lasers bei der Thermokeratoplastik},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe (Berlin. Print)},
   volume = {91},
   number = {5},
   pages = {638-645},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hee1994,
   author = {Hee, M. R. and Izatt, J. A. and Swanson, E. A. and Huang, D. and Lin, C. P. and Schuman, J. S. and Puliafito, C. A. and Inderfurth, J. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G.},
   title = {In-Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography of the Anterior Segment},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2078-2078},
   note = {Mz585
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MZ58503806},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lin1994,
   author = {Lin, C. P. and Weaver, Y. K. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Intraocular microsurgery with a picosecond Nd:YAG laser},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {15},
   number = {1},
   pages = {44-53},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {We investigated the use of picosecond Nd:YAG laser pulses for intraocular microsurgery. With a pulse duration of 100 picoseconds, only 70 microJ of pulse energy is required to consistently produce optical breakdown in the deep vitreous. This pulse energy is nearly two orders of magnitude less than the typical pulse energies used in conventional (nanosecond) photodisruptors. The reduced pulse energy results in a smaller zone of tissue damage, an important consideration when operating close to the retina or other sensitive ocular structures. Efficient cutting action is achieved by applying multiple pulses at a moderately high repetition rate of 50-200 Hz. An in vitro model was developed to assess axial confinement of picosecond photodisruption. In vivo vitreous membrane surgery was performed in experimental rabbit eyes to demonstrate a potential clinical application of picosecond laser-induced optical breakdown.},
   keywords = {3T3 Cells
Animals
Cell Membrane
Cells, Cultured
Disease Models, Animal
Eye Diseases/pathology/surgery
Laser Surgery/instrumentation/*methods
Mice
Microsurgery/instrumentation/*methods
Rabbits
Vitreous Body/pathology/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7997047},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pan1993,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Du, C.W. and Liu, X.D. and Li, Z.G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Wavelength dependence of the faraday effect and magneto-birefringence in ferrofluid thin films.},
   journal = {J Appl Phys},
   volume = {73},
   number = {10},
   pages = {6139-6141},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1993,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Transscleral and indirect ophthalmoscope diode laser retinal photocoagulation: experimental quantification of the therapeutic range for their application in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {231},
   number = {7},
   pages = {378-83},
   note = {0721-832X (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Laser indirect ophthalmoscope (LIO) photocoagulation and transscleral photocoagulation through the conjunctiva and subconjunctiva were performed in the fundus of chinchilla gray rabbits using various exposure times and powers, and the thresholds for retinal blanching and choroidal hemorrhage were determined. The therapeutic range was described for both applications as the ratio between energy values to produce grayish white lesions and hemorrhage at 50% probability. The therapeutic range appeared to remain almost constant with different exposure times. The mean ratio with LIO was 3.2 +/- 0.28, similar to that with slit-lamp delivery reported in our previous study. The mean ratio with transscleral photocoagulation through the conjunctiva and subconjunctiva were 2.48 +/- 0.28 and 2.38 +/- 0.26, respectively. The variability of LIO appeared to be a little lower than with transscleral photocoagulation. There was no significant difference between the variability with transscleral photocoagulation through the conjunctiva and subconjunctiva.},
   keywords = {Animals
Choroid Hemorrhage/etiology/pathology
Fundus Oculi
Humans
Infant, Newborn
Laser Coagulation/adverse effects/*methods
Ophthalmoscopy
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery
Retinal Diseases/etiology/pathology
Retinopathy of Prematurity/*surgery
Semiconductors},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8406062},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1993,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Hefetz, Y. and Roider, J. and Schmidt, U. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A. and Vogel, Alfred},
   title = {[Spatial confinement of intraocular picoseconds-photodisruption effects]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {90},
   number = {4},
   pages = {387-90},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Laser photodisruption is a routinely performed clinical procedure in intraocular microsurgery of post-cataract membranes, anterior synechies and iridectomies. Damage ranges of several millimeters in diameter, however, limit the use of nanosecond photodisruption close to delicate structures, e.g., in the posterior vitreous. Multiple ps-laser pulses of about 100 microJ pulse energy were used to produce disruptive effects in the anterior lens capsule in rabbit eyes in vivo. Ophthalmoscopical and morphological investigations of these effects were compared with those of minimal ns-disruptions. The direct tissue separation effects as well as the collateral damage zones are about one order of magnitude smaller if ps-laser pulses are used. Minimal sizes of disruptive effects are about 50 microns to 150 microns and 500 microns to 1000 microns for ps- and ns-pulses, respectively. The substantial improvement of spatial confinement of ps-photodisruption enables increased precision of intraocular laser microsurgery and opens up new areas of clinical application in structures like the cornea, anterior chamber angle, and crystalline lens.},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects
Lens Capsule, Crystalline/*injuries/pathology
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microsurgery/instrumentation
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8374239},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1993,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selective Rpe Photocoagulation by 1 Usec Laser-Pulses},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {960-960},
   note = {Kt893
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1993KT89301269},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Inderfurth1993,
   author = {Inderfurth, J. H. C. and Frish, M. B. and Ferguson, R. D. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Research Towards Development of a Dynamic Reflectometer for Control of Laser-Induced Retinal Photocoagulation},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {960-960},
   note = {Kt893
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1993KT89301270},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1993,
   author = {Obana, A. and Matsumoto, M. and Miki, T. and Eckert, K. G. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {[Quantification of indocyanine-green enhancement of diode laser photocoagulation]},
   journal = {Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi},
   volume = {97},
   number = {5},
   pages = {581-6},
   note = {0029-0203 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The enhancement by indocyanine-green (ICG) of diode laser photocoagulation was quantified. Since ICG concentration in blood increases and decreases rapidly after a single injection, it is difficult to quantify the exact enhancing effect of ICG. A steady-state plasma concentration (about 30 micrograms/ml) of ICG was achieved by injection of 2.5 mg/kg of ICG followed by continuous injection of 0.45 micrograms/kg/min of ICG. The threshold energy values to obtain grayish white retinal burn or choriocapillary occlusion were evaluated at this steady concentration of ICG, and compared with the values in the absence of ICG. The use of ICG decreased the energy values 7% for retinal burn and 8% for choriocapillary occlusion. Although the total dosage of ICG during the continuous injection was high, the enhancement of retinal burn and choriocapillary occlusion was small.},
   keywords = {Animals
Choroid/pathology/surgery
Indocyanine Green/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology
Infusions, Intravenous
*Laser Coagulation
Rabbits
Retina/pathology/surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8337962},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pan1993,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Du, C.W. and Liu, X.D. and Li, Z.G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Monte-carlo simulation of magneto-birefringence in magnetic fluids},
   journal = {J Appl Phys},
   volume = {73},
   number = {10},
   pages = {6142-6144},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1993,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Histologie von Netzhautläsionen nach kontinuierlicher Bestrahlung und nach selektiver Mikrokoagulation des retinalen Pigmentepithels},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {90},
   number = {3},
   pages = {274-8},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Mild continuous wave (CW) irradiation (100 ms, 20 mW, 514 nm) and irradiation with 100 repetitive 5 microseconds laser pulses (3 or 6 microJ, 514 nm) at a repetition rate of 500 Hz was performed to the regio macularis of chinchilla rabbits. The angiographically visible lesions were histologically followed up to 4 weeks. With both irradiation modalities the original retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was replaced by a monolayer of new RPE cells. Only minimal immediate and no subsequent damage to the photoreceptors was found after selective RPE photocoagulation. Only minimal inflammatory response was found after selective RPE photocoagulation in contrast to CW photocoagulation where macrophages, RPE cells and lymphocytes regularly appear in the damaged photoreceptor layer.},
   keywords = {Animals
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Microsurgery/*instrumentation
Photoreceptors/injuries/pathology
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology/*surgery
Rabbits
Regeneration/physiology
Retina/*injuries/pathology
Wound Healing/physiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8334331},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1993,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Augenschäden durch Registrierkassen mit Laserscanner},
   journal = {Dtsch. med. Wschr.},
   volume = {118},
   pages = {51-52},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1993,
   author = {Schmidterfurth, U. and Jacobs, D. and Flotte, T. J. and Gragoudas, E. and Hasan, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Photothrombosis of Ocular Neovascularization Using Benzoporphyrin Derivative (Bpd)},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1303-1303},
   note = {Kt893
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1993KT89302954},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Ren1992,
   author = {Ren, Q. and Venugopalan, V. and Schomacker, K. and Deutsch, T. F. and Flotte, T. J. and Puliafito, C. A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Mid-infrared laser ablation of the cornea: a comparative study},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {12},
   number = {3},
   pages = {274-81},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The ablation thresholds and patterns of collateral damage in cornea produced by Er:YAG (2.94 microns) and Er:YSGG (2.79 microns) lasers were measured. Two different pulse durations, 200 microseconds (normal spiking mode) and 100 ns (Q-switched mode), were used at both wavelengths. In the normal spiking mode, damage zones of 16 +/- 2 microns and 39 +/- 7 microns and ablation thresholds of 250 +/- 20 mJ/cm2 and 420 +/- 35 mJ/cm2 were measured at 2.94 microns and 2.79 microns, respectively. In the Q-switched mode, damage zones of 4 +/- 2 microns and ablation thresholds of 150 +/- 10 mJ/cm2 were found irrespective of the laser used. The similarity between the results using the Er:YAG and Er:YSGG lasers in the Q-switched mode suggest that either laser can be used with equal effectiveness for corneal trephination.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cattle
Cornea/pathology/*surgery
*Light Coagulation/*methods},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1508021},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1992,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Gässler, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {The therapeutic range of chorioretinal photocoagulation with diode and argon lasers:an experimental comparison},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {3/4},
   pages = {147-156},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt1992,
   author = {Schmidt, U. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Selektiver Verschluss okularer Neovaskularisationen durch photodynamische Therapie (PDT)},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {89},
   number = {5},
   pages = {391-4},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has successfully been used to induce vascular occlusion via endothelial damage and subsequent thrombosis. To increase the selective of this method for neovascularizations, characteristics in the ultrastructure of the proliferative vessel wall allow physiological vessels to be spared and predominantly neovascularizations to be occluded: (a) Due to the disturbance of the blood-retina barrier, free dye molecules accumulate within the vascular wall. Using a dye with prolonged retention, such as phthalocyanine (CASPc), it is possible to thrombose neovascularizations 24 h post injection while leaving the physiological vasculature of the anterior segment of the rabbit eye unaffected. (b) Proliferating endothelial cells express high numbers of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. Chlorin e6 (Ce6), a potent photosensitizer, is covalently bound to LDL. Intravascularly, ce6-LDL complexes selectively label neovascular walls. Since ce6-LDL is incorporated intracellular into enzymatically active lysosomes, photothrombosis is effectively achieved at low drug and light doses in vivo. In addition, the induced damage is spatially confined to the inner vascular lining. We conclude that carrier-mediated PDT may offer a new and sensitive approach for selective treatment of intraocular neovascularizations.},
   keywords = {Animals
Blood-Retinal Barrier/drug effects/physiology
Cell Division/drug effects/physiology
Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects/pathology
*Photochemotherapy
Rabbits
Retinal Neovascularization/*drug therapy/pathology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1304219},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Abel1992,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Lorenz, B. and Obana, A. and Vogel, Alfred and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Problems of clinical application of diode lasers.},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {3/4},
   pages = {157-163},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}