@article{Birngruber1977,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Stefani, F. H. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Q-switched ruby laser damage of the rabbit eye lens},
   journal = {Adv Ophthalmol},
   volume = {34},
   pages = {158-63},
   note = {0065-3004 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Results on Q-switched ruby laser damage to lenses of Chinchilla grey rabbits are reported. Threshold irradiances of about 10(10)W/cm2 are shown to be necessary for lens damage. The minimal lesions consist of empty bubbles about 1 mm in diameter. Energy consideration as well as histologic investigation of the lesions indicate a mechanical damage process following a light-induced absorption in the focus. Retinal damage accompanied lenticular damage in all cases},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects
Lens, Crystalline/*injuries/ultrastructure
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=868688},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Drechsel1977,
   author = {Drechsel, E. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {[Measurement of the size of the focus in the rabbit]},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {74},
   pages = {413-7},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Biophysics
Eye/*radiation effects
Lasers
Light
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577764},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Rauhut1977,
   author = {Rauhut, D and Gabel, V P and Birngruber, Reginald and Hillenkamp, F},
   title = {Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen von Neodymlaserläsionen bei Kaninchen},
   journal = {Bericht über die 74. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft},
   volume = {Sonderdruck},
   pages = {407-12},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Argon
Choroid/radiation effects
Lasers/*adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Melanocytes
Microscopy, Electron
Sclera/radiation effects},
   year = {1977}
}

@article{Gabel1977,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {[Individual differences in light absorption in the fundus oculi in the visible and the infrared spectral region]},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {74},
   pages = {418-21},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Absorption
Fundus Oculi/*physiology
Humans
Infrared Rays
Light},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577765},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Boergen1977,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {[Intravital microscopic studies on the selective coagulation of small vessels by means of the argon laser]},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {74},
   pages = {428-34},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Capillaries/*surgery
Hematoma/etiology
Hemorrhage/etiology
Lasers/*standards/*therapeutic use
Microscopy
Rats
Thrombosis/etiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577767},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{BGB1977,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Fundus reflectometry: a step towards optimization of the retina photocoagulation},
   journal = {Mod Probl Ophthalmol},
   volume = {18},
   pages = {383-90},
   note = {Birngruber, R
Gabel, V P
Hillenkamp, F
SWITZERLAND
Mod Probl Ophthalmol. 1977;18:383-90.},
   abstract = {A method is described for monitoring the light reflected from exposed areas during and after argon laser photocoagulation of rabbit eyes. The light serves as a measure of the retinal blanching and thus of the tissue reaction. It is shown, that the reflected light changes its time-dependent behavior qualitatively if hemorrhages occur. The energy necessary for a therapeutic coagulation is shown to decrease with decreasing exposure time as does the therapeutic band width for clinical coagulations. A relationship between exposure time and therapeutic band width was found and is discussed.},
   keywords = {Animals
*Fundus Oculi
*Laser Therapy
Lasers/adverse effects/*methods
Photometry/*methods
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery
Retinal Hemorrhage/etiology
AutoPhoN},
   year = {1977}
}

@article{Birngruber1977,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Ippi, F.},
   title = {Fernsehanlage in der Augenklinik der Universität München - ein Mittel zur Intensivierung von Forschung und Lehre in der Medizin.},
   journal = {Grundig Techn Info 6, Fernseh- und Kintechn},
   volume = {31/7},
   pages = {245-247},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lund1977,
   author = {Lund, O. E. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[A colour-television-system for lectures and clinical training in ophthalmology (author's transl)]},
   journal = {Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd},
   volume = {171},
   number = {2},
   pages = {287-93},
   note = {0023-2165 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {First experiences with a new Colour-TV-System in the University Eye-Clinic Munich are reported. The system is described in detail and special problems of fitting the TV-cameras to the ophthalmological instruments such as operation microscopes, slit lamps and fundus cameras are described.},
   keywords = {Color
*Education, Medical, Graduate
Germany, West
Hospitals, University
Humans
Ophthalmology/*education
*Television},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=916612},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1977,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Fundusreflektometrie während Laserkoagulationen},
   journal = {Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 74. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Opghthalmologischen Gesellschaft},
   pages = {422-7},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Biophysics
Fundus Oculi
*Lasers/*therapeutic use
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/radiation effects
Rabbits
*Refraction, Ocular},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577766},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1976,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Audivisuelle Anlage der Augenklinik München},
   journal = {Grundig-Electronic-Information},
   year = {1976},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lund1976,
   author = {Lund, O. E. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Diathermieverfahren, Licht-/Laserkoagulation, Kryokoagulation. Experimentelle und klinische Uberlegungen},
   journal = {Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd},
   volume = {168},
   number = {05},
   pages = {603-12},
   note = {0023-2165 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The clinical and experimental results from the methods of coagulation currently in use are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of trans-scleral methods (diathermy and cryopexy) and trans-ocular methods (Xenon arc and argon laser) are discussed. Experiments on absorption, the mode of action of intense light, the optimal time and method of application, the necessary intensity and the extent of the coagulated area are communicated. Of the trans-scleral methods, cryopexy is to be prefered. The trans-ocular methods have the advantage of a more exact localisation and dosage. Either route can often be chosen in any particular case, though at present no overriding advantage has been shown for either.},
   keywords = {*Cryosurgery/adverse effects/methods
*Diathermy/adverse effects/methods
Humans
Lasers/adverse effects/methods/therapeutic use
*Light Coagulation/adverse effects/methods
Retina/pathology
Retinal Detachment/*surgery
Time Factors},
   year = {1976}
}

@book{Gabel1976,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Die Lichtabsorption am Augenhintergrund},
   publisher = {Ges f Strahlen- und Umweltforschung},
   address = {München},
   series = {GSF-Bericht A 55},
   year = {1976}
}

@article{Gabel1976,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Boergen, K. P.},
   title = {Ophthalmoscopic Therapeutic Problems and Laser Personnel},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {169},
   number = {5},
   pages = {669-669},
   note = {Cq473
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1976CQ47300042},
   year = {1976},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{BGB1975,
   author = {Wallow, I. H. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F. and Lund, O. I.},
   title = {Netzhautreaktionen nach Intensivlichtbestrahlung. Teil I: Schwellenlasionen. Experimentelle, morphologische und klinische Untersuchungen uber pathologische und therapeutische Wirkungen von Laserlicht und von weissem Licht
},
   journal = {Adv Ophthalmol},
   volume = {31},
   pages = {159-232},
   note = {0065-3004 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The effects of intense light produced by an argon laser, a helium-neon laser and a xenon are photocoagulator in the retinas of gray chinchilla rabbits, cynomolgus monkeys, and rhesus monkeys were studied clinically and histopathologically including electron microscopy. An improved experimental set-up was used allowing a very good consistency of the inflicted lesions. Threshold lesions were produced in chinchilla rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys by an argon laser and a helium-neon laser. The lesions were evaluated ophthalmoscopically and histograms were drawn indicating ophthalmoscopic ED50 values. For the two lasers examined these values were 12 and 17 mW, respectively, for exposure durations in the range of the blink reflex (125-150 msec). Histopathologically, ophthalmoscopic threshold lesions of both laser types showed evidence of thermal damage of the outer retinal half. This damage was principally identical in both species involving the retinal pigment epithelium and the full extension of the photoreceptor cells up to their synapses within the outer plexiform layer. The ophthalmoscopic threshold value was associated, therefore, with an irreversible loss of visual function within the retinal area concerned. No evidence for primary sites of significant energy absorption within the neural retina was found. The width of ophthalmoscopic threshold lesions was determined by measuring within the histologic sections with a microscope and a calibrated graticule the extension of damage at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium and at the level of the outer nuclear layer. In the cynomolgus monkey for ophthalmoscopic argon laser threshold lesions the extension at the level of the RPE was 70-80 mum in diameter and at the level of the outer nuclear layer it was 40-50 mum in diameter. Laser lesions that had a diameter of 60 mum at the level of the RPE and of 30 mum at the level of the outer nuclear layer were ophthalmoscopically subvisible. It is concluded that probably also in man such laser lesions, as well as various other pathologic changes of this size or smaller, cannot be evaluated by clinical ophthalmoscopy. The ophthalmoscopic threshold was correlated with a histopathologic threshold as defined by minimal histopathologic damage. Very likely, such damage lies within the range of functional recovery, and the histopathologic threshold demarcates at the same time the decisive functional threshold. The conversion ratio between histopathologic-functional and ophthalmoscopic threshold for argon lesions in cynomolgus monkeys was somewhat greater than 3, e.i. the ophthalmoscopic threshold was more than 3 times higher than the histopathologic-functional threshold. Using this data together with additional biologic and optical considerations, a safety threshold for man for cw-lasers within the visible spectrum was estimated to be 1-2 mW.},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Fundus Oculi
Haplorhini
Helium
Humans
*Lasers/methods/*therapeutic use
Macaca
Macaca fascicularis
Neon
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology/ultrastructure
Rabbits
Retina/pathology/*surgery/ultrastructure
Retinal Diseases/*etiology/pathology},
   year = {1975}
}

@article{Birngruber1977,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Wallow, I. H. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Über Rubin-Laserschwellenwertuntersuchungen an der Netzhaut},
   journal = {Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelberg 1973"},
   number = {73},
   pages = {367-74},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Haplorhini
Lasers/adverse effects/*standards
Rabbits
Retina/injuries/*physiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=812473},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1975,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Wallow, I. H. and Schmolke, W.},
   title = {Über die Lichtabsorption am Augenhintergrund},
   journal = {Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunt der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelberg 1973"},
   number = {73},
   pages = {362-7},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Absorption
Animals
Choroid/physiology
*Fundus Oculi
Haplorhini
Humans
*Light
Rabbits
Retina/physiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=812472},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wallow1975,
   author = {Wallow, I. H. L. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F. and Lund, O. E.},
   title = {Retinal Reactions to Intense Light .1. Threshold Lesions - Experimental, Morphological and Clinical Studies of Pathological and Therapeutic Effects of Laser-Light and White-Light},
   journal = {Advances in Ophthalmology},
   volume = {31},
   pages = {159-232},
   note = {Cz545
Times Cited:23
Cited References Count:151},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1975CZ54500004},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wallow1975,
   author = {Wallow, I. H. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Clinical and histological studies following argon-laser effect on the retina. --Histo-pathological evaluation of laser injuries for the assessment of a functional injury threshold for laser},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   number = {73},
   pages = {374-86},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Eye Injuries/*etiology/pathology
Haplorhini
Lasers/*adverse effects
Retina/*injuries/pathology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=812474},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{BGB1975,
   author = {Wallow, I. H. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F. and Lund, O. I.},
   title = {Netzhautreaktionen nach Intensivlichtbestrahlung. Teil I: Schwellenlasionen. Experimentelle, morphologische und klinische Untersuchungen uber pathologische und therapeutische Wirkungen von Laserlicht und von weissem Licht
},
   journal = {Adv Ophthalmol},
   volume = {31},
   pages = {159-232},
   note = {0065-3004 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The effects of intense light produced by an argon laser, a helium-neon laser and a xenon are photocoagulator in the retinas of gray chinchilla rabbits, cynomolgus monkeys, and rhesus monkeys were studied clinically and histopathologically including electron microscopy. An improved experimental set-up was used allowing a very good consistency of the inflicted lesions. Threshold lesions were produced in chinchilla rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys by an argon laser and a helium-neon laser. The lesions were evaluated ophthalmoscopically and histograms were drawn indicating ophthalmoscopic ED50 values. For the two lasers examined these values were 12 and 17 mW, respectively, for exposure durations in the range of the blink reflex (125-150 msec). Histopathologically, ophthalmoscopic threshold lesions of both laser types showed evidence of thermal damage of the outer retinal half. This damage was principally identical in both species involving the retinal pigment epithelium and the full extension of the photoreceptor cells up to their synapses within the outer plexiform layer. The ophthalmoscopic threshold value was associated, therefore, with an irreversible loss of visual function within the retinal area concerned. No evidence for primary sites of significant energy absorption within the neural retina was found. The width of ophthalmoscopic threshold lesions was determined by measuring within the histologic sections with a microscope and a calibrated graticule the extension of damage at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium and at the level of the outer nuclear layer. In the cynomolgus monkey for ophthalmoscopic argon laser threshold lesions the extension at the level of the RPE was 70-80 mum in diameter and at the level of the outer nuclear layer it was 40-50 mum in diameter. Laser lesions that had a diameter of 60 mum at the level of the RPE and of 30 mum at the level of the outer nuclear layer were ophthalmoscopically subvisible. It is concluded that probably also in man such laser lesions, as well as various other pathologic changes of this size or smaller, cannot be evaluated by clinical ophthalmoscopy. The ophthalmoscopic threshold was correlated with a histopathologic threshold as defined by minimal histopathologic damage. Very likely, such damage lies within the range of functional recovery, and the histopathologic threshold demarcates at the same time the decisive functional threshold. The conversion ratio between histopathologic-functional and ophthalmoscopic threshold for argon lesions in cynomolgus monkeys was somewhat greater than 3, e.i. the ophthalmoscopic threshold was more than 3 times higher than the histopathologic-functional threshold. Using this data together with additional biologic and optical considerations, a safety threshold for man for cw-lasers within the visible spectrum was estimated to be 1-2 mW.},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Fundus Oculi
Haplorhini
Helium
Humans
*Lasers/methods/*therapeutic use
Macaca
Macaca fascicularis
Neon
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology/ultrastructure
Rabbits
Retina/pathology/*surgery/ultrastructure
Retinal Diseases/*etiology/pathology},
   year = {1975}
}

@article{Greite1975,
   author = {Greite, J. H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Low intensity argon laser coagulation in central serous retinopathy (csr)},
   journal = {Ophthalmologica},
   volume = {171},
   number = {3},
   pages = {214-43},
   note = {0030-3755 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Mechanisms of light coagulation effects in RPE and detached retina are discussed. 25 cases of CSR are presented in which the leaking point in the RPE was coagulated with an argon laser coagulator, the exposure parameters being set to avoid a whitening of the retina. The results suggest that the retinal whitening and consequently retinal damage does not constitute a criterium for coagulation effectiveness in CSR.},
   keywords = {Adult
*Argon
Fluorescein Angiography
Fundus Oculi
Humans
*Lasers/*therapeutic use
Male
Middle Aged
Retinal Artery/radiography
Retinal Detachment/*therapy
Retinal Vein/radiography
Retinal Vessels/radiography},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1169740},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Kinder1975,
   author = {Kinder, J. and Hutzler, P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Fernsehübertragung stereoskopischer Bilder},
   journal = {Biomed Techn},
   volume = {20},
   pages = {297-298},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1975,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Development of Laser Lesions in Fundus},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {167},
   number = {4},
   pages = {624-624},
   note = {Ay079
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1975AY07900026},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{BGB1974,
   author = {Wallow, I. H. and Lund, O. E. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {A comparison of retinal argon laser lesions in man and in cynomolgus monkey},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {189},
   number = {3},
   pages = {159-64},
   note = {0065-6100 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Choroid Neoplasms
Diabetic Retinopathy/surgery
Disease Models, Animal
Epithelium/pathology
Eye Injuries/pathology
Fundus Oculi
Haplorhini
Humans
*Lasers/*therapeutic use
*Macaca
Male
Melanoma
Middle Aged
Ophthalmoscopy
Photoreceptors/pathology
Retina/*injuries},
   year = {1974}
}