@inbook{Vogel2007-2,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Noack, Joachim and Hüttman, Gereon and Paltauf, Günther},
   title = {Femtosecond Plasma-Mediated Nanosurgery of Cells and Tissues},
   booktitle = {Laser Ablation and Its Applications},
   editor = {Phipps, Claude},
   series = {Springer Series in Optical Sciences},
   publisher = {Springer US},
   volume = {129},
   chapter = {10},
   pages = {231-280},
   year = {2007}
}

@inbook{Vogel2007-5,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J. and Hüttmann, G. and Linz, N. and Freidank, S. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Chapter 18 Femtosecond laser nanosurgery of biological cells and tissues},
   booktitle = {Handai Nanophotonics},
   editor = {Hiroshi Masuhara, Satoshi Kawata and Fumio, Tokunaga},
   publisher = {Elsevier},
   volume = {Volume 3},
   pages = {273-286},
   year = { 2007}
}

@inbook{Vogel2007,
   author = {Vogel, A and Noack, J. and Hüttmann, G. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Mechanisms of femtosecond laser nanoprocessing of biological cells and tissues},
   booktitle = {The Eigth International Conference on Laser Ablation (COLA 2005)},
   editor = {Herman, P. and Hess, W .},
   series = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
   volume = {59},
   pages = {249-254},
   year = { 2007}
}

@inbook{Vogel2007-6,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Noack, Joachim and Hüttman, Gereon and Paltauf, Günther},
   title = {Femtosecond Plasma-Mediated Nanosurgery of Cells and Tissues
Laser Ablation and its Applications},
   editor = {Phipps, Claude},
   series = {Springer Series in Optical Sciences},
   publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
   volume = {129},
   pages = {231-280},
   keywords = {Physics and Astronomy},
   year = { 2007}
}

@inproceedings{Vogel-2006,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J. and Hüttmann, G. and Linz, N. and Freidank, S. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Femtosecond laser nanosurgery of biological cells and tissues},
   booktitle = {4th International Congress on Laser Advanced Materials Processing},
Year = { 2006},
URL = { http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.713.4169&rep=rep1&type=pdf}
}

@inbook{Vogel2006-2,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J and Hüttmann, G. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Femtosecond plasma-mediated nanosurgery of cells and tissues.},
   booktitle = {Laser Ablation},
   editor = {), Phipps C (Hrsg.},
   publisher = { Springer, Heidelberg},
   pages = {217-262},
   year = { 2006}
}

@article{Vogel2005,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J. and Hüttmann, G. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Mechanisms of femtosecond laser nanosurgery of biological cells and tissues},
   journal = {Appl. Phys B},
   volume = {81},
   pages = {1015-1047},
   year = {2005}
}

@article{Teschner2003,
   author = {Teschner, S. and Noack, J. and Birngruber, R. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U.},
   title = {Characterization of leakage activity in exudative chorioretinal disease with three-dimensional confocal angiography},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {110},
   number = {4},
   pages = {687-697},
   note = {673EE
Times Cited:8
Cited References Count:30},
   abstract = {Purpose: A novel angiographic technique providing topographic imaging of chorioretinal fluorescence is applied to the characterization of leakage dynamics in exudative chorioretinopathy. The three-dimensional imaging is evaluated with respect to results with conventional two-dimensional fluorescence angiography.
Design: Prospective observational case series.
Participants: Thirty eyes of 30 patients with different exudative maculopathies (pigment epithelium detachment, branch retinal vein occlusion, central serous chorioretinopathy, each n = 10) and 11 eyes of 10 patients with clinically normal appearance.
Methods: Depth-resolved fluorescence angiography using a confocal scanning laser system was performed after complete ophthalmologic examination. The axial distribution of fluorescein and indocyanine green fluorescence at each x/y position within a tomographic scan of 32 images was analyzed. The chorioretinal fluorescence topography was reconstructed by localizing a defined threshold value of fluorescence and displayed as topographic relief. Qualitative description and quantitative measurements of exudation or structural alterations were performed topographically and conventionally.
Main Outcome Measures. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of structural or exudative changes in time course in topographic illustration compared with conventional angiography.
Results: Clinically physiologic eyes were presented topographically as a smooth concave surface of fluorescence with defined illustration of retinal vascular structures and the optic disc. Retinal vascular pathologic conditions induce a precisely demarcated pattern of intraretinal edema with a characteristic temporal evolution. In central serous retinopathy the underlying pathologic condition was identified as a perfusion defect, which was subsequently filled with a peak of exudation with differences in the time of maximum in fluorescein/indocyanine green angiography. Pigment epithelium detachment appeared as a high and well defined elevation, with the origin of exudation within the base of the detachment. Differences in the time of maximum prominence were found in indocyanine green angiography within the pigment epithelium detachment group.
Conclusions: Confocal topographic angiography allows for the first time precise three-dimensional functional imaging of fundus alterations caused by leakage or barrier dysfunction. Compared with conventional angiography, depth-resolved angiographic imaging is less impaired by masking phenomena or low fluorescence intensity, which improves the diagnostic yield of angiography. The characterization and quantification of leakage activity is a promising tool in the assessment of exudative maculopathy. (C) 2003 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.},
   keywords = {indocyanine green angiography
scanning laser ophthalmoscope
central serous chorioretinopathy
choroidal neovascularization
macular degeneration
topographic angiography
retinal thickness
fluorescein
videoangiography
tomography},
   ISSN = {0161-6420},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1016/S6420(02)01972-3},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000182566600026},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel, 
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J. and Hüttmann, G. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Femtosecond-laser-produced low-density plasmas in transparent biological media: A tool for the creation of chemical, thermal and thermomechanical effets below the optical brekdown threshold},
   journal = {Proc. SPIE "Commercial and Biological Applications of Ultrafast Lasers IV"},
   volume = {4633},
   pages = {23-37},
   year = {2002}
}

@article{Müller-Velten2002,
   author = {Muller-Velten, R. and Hillmann, K. and Birngruber, R. and Noack, J. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U.},
   title = {Topographic imaging and quantification of retinal vascular leakage in venous branch occlusion},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {43},
   pages = {U805-U805},
   note = {Suppl. 2
709CG
2859
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000184606700021},
   year = {2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J.},
   title = {Numerical simulation of optical breakdown for cellular surgery at nanosecond to femtosecond time scales},
   journal = {Laser- Tissue Interactions, Therapeutic Applications, and Photodynamic Therapy. SPIE},
   volume = {4433},
   pages = {70-80},
   year = {2001}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth2001,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Teschner, S. and Noack, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Three-dimensional topographic angiography in chorioretinal vascular disease},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {42},
   number = {10},
   pages = {2386-2394},
   note = {469FL
Times Cited:11
Cited References Count:31},
   abstract = {PURPOSE. To evaluate a new angiographic technique that offers three-dimensional imaging of chorioretinal vascular diseases.
METHODS. Fluorescein (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) were performed using. a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Tomographic series with 32 images per set were taken over a depth of 4 min at an image frequency of 20 Hz. An axial analysis was performed for each x/y position to determine the fluorescence distribution along, the z-axis. The location of the onset of fluorescence at a defined threshold intensity was identified and a depth profile was generated. The overall results of fluorescence topography were displayed in a gray scale-coded image and three-dimensional relief.
RESULTS. Topographic angiography delineated the choriocapillary surface covering.. the posterior pole with exposed larger retinal vessels. Superficial masking of fluorescence by hemorrhage or absorbing fluid did not preclude detection of underlying diseases. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) appeared as a vascular formation with distinct configuration and prominence. Chorioretinal infiltrates exhibited perfusion defects with dye pooling. Retinal pigment epithelium detachments (PEDs) demonstrated dynamic filling mechanisms. Intraretinal extravasation in retinal vascular disease was, detected within a well-demarcated area with prominent retinal thickening.
CONCLUSIONS. Confocal topographic angiography allows high-resolution three-dimensional imaging, of chorioretinal vascular and exudative diseases. Structural vascular changes (e.g., proliferation) are detected in respect to location and size. Dynamic processes (e.g., perfusion defects, extravasation, and barrier dysfunction) are clearly identified and may be quantified. Topographic angiography is a promising technique in the diagnosis, therapeutic evaluation, and pathophysiological evaluation of macular disease.},
   keywords = {indocyanine green angiography
scanning laser ophthalmoscope
occult choroidal neovascularization
optical coherence tomography
cystoid macular edema
fluorescein angiography
fundus camera
in-vivo
videoangiography
degeneration},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000170803900032},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber2000,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Teschner, S. and Noack, J.},
   title = {Confocal laser scanning fluorescence topography: a new method for three-dimensional functional imaging of vascular structures},
   journal = {Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology},
   volume = {238},
   number = {7},
   pages = {559-565},
   note = {341NG
Times Cited:10
Cited References Count:16},
   abstract = {Three-dimensional topography of perfused vascular structures is possible via confocal laser scanning of intravascular fluorescence. The lateral resolution is given by the spot size of the scanning laser beam (optimally 10 mu m at the retina). The axial resolution, however, depends on the accuracy of detection of the surface of the fluorescent structure, which is typically one order of magnitude higher (30 mu m at the retina) than the confocal resolution. The vascular structure is stained with an appropriate fluorescent dye prior to the investigation using standard systemic dye injection. Confocal scanning of the fluorescence in planes of different depths within the vascular structure under investigation leads to a three-dimensional data set. Signal processing in eludes passive eye tracking, lateral averaging and axial determination of the surface of the fluorescent structure. The potential of this new technique is demonstrated by showing the topography of physiological vessel structures as well as of selected vascular diseases such as cone dystrophy, RPE detachment, choroidal haemangioma and retinal laser coagulation. Confocal laser angioscopic fluorescence topography (CLAFT) measures the three-dimensional surface structure of functional (perfused) vasculature and surrounding leakage. CLAFT may help to diagnose and quantify status and time course of vascular diseases.},
   keywords = {in-vivo
ophthalmoscope
therapy},
   ISSN = {0721-832X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s004179900059},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000088596000003},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Teschner2000,
   author = {Teschner, S. and Noack, J. and Birngruber, R. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U.},
   title = {Documentation of perfusion and leakage characteristics in age-related macular degeneration by dynamic topographic angiography},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {41},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S170-S170},
   note = {Suppl. S
300HF
882b257
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000086246700881},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Godwin1999,
   author = {Godwin, Robert P. and Chapyak, Edward J. and Noack, J. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Aspherical bubble dynamics and oscillation times},
   series = {OSA Technical Digest},
   publisher = {Optical Society of America},
   pages = {CTuC3},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.350042},
Year = { 1999}
}

@article{Noack,
   author = {Noack, J. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Laser-induced plasma formation in water at nanosecond to femtosecond time scales: calculation of thresholds, absorption coefficients, and energy density},
   journal = {Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of},
   volume = {35},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1156-1167},
   keywords = {absorption coefficients
electron density
high-speed optical techniques
multiphoton processes
photoionisation
plasma density
plasma production by laser
plasma theory
water
H<sub>2</sub>O
absorption coefficient
breakdown threshold
cascade ionization
collision losses
complex pulse duration dependence
decreasing laser pulse duration
distilled water
energy density
energy threshold
femtosecond time scales
free electron density
free electrons
high-power laser pulses
laser pulse
laser-induced plasma formation
multiphoton ionization
multiphoton ionization gains
nanosecond laser pulses
nanosecond time scales
numerical solution
plasma absorption coefficient
plasma energy density
plasma generation
plasma transmission
pulse durations
quantitative agreement
rate equation
recombination losses
thresholds},
   year = {1999}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J. and Nahen, K. and Theisen, D. and Busch, S. and Parlitz, U. and Hammer, D.X. and Noojin, G. D. and Rockwell, B.A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Energy balance of optical breakdown in water at nanosecond to femtosecond time scales},
   journal = {Appl Phys B},
   volume = {68},
   number = {271-280},
   year = {1999}
}

@article{Birngruber1999,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Noack, J. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U.},
   title = {Confocal laserscanning fluorescence topography of chorioretinal vascular structures},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {40},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S571-S571},
   note = {178MF
3007
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000079269203007},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Noack, J. and Teschner, S. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Confocal indocyanine green angiography with 3-dimensional topography. Results in choroid neovascularization (CNV)]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {96},
   number = {12},
   pages = {797-804},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   month = {Dec},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Confocal indocyanin green angiography (ICGA) offers detailed two-dimensional imaging of choroidal pathologies. However, the spatial extension of lesions is not reproduced. We developed a novel method for three-dimensional documentation of choroidal vascular abnormalities. METHODS: Focal series were performed using a laser scanning ophthalmoscope (Heidelberg Retina Angiograph). Thirty-two images within a distance of 4 mm were taken at a frequency of 20 Hz. Following correction of dislocation, a surface of normalized fluorescence intensity was determined and displayed topographically. RESULTS: In physiological eyes three-dimensional ICGA demonstrates the homogeneous concavity of the choroid with prominent overlay of retinal vessels. Classic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) imposes as substantial elevation. Occult CNV are demarcated despite negative conventional ICGA due to reduction of blocking phenomena. Therapeutic interventions such as photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy and surgery induce a resolution of CNV with or without residual defects within the choroidal pattern. CONCLUSION: Topographic ICGA allows for the first time in-vivo representation of prominence and depth of vascularized pathologies and provides a tool for improved diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation.},
   keywords = {Choroidal Neovascularization/*diagnosis
*Fluorescein Angiography
Humans
*Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
Indocyanine Green/*diagnostic use
Macular Degeneration/diagnosis
*Microscopy, Confocal
*Ophthalmoscopes
Sensitivity and Specificity},
   year = {1999}
}

@inproceedings{Vogel1998-2,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Noack, Joachim and Nahen, Kester and Theisen, Dirk and Busch, Stefan and Parlitz, Ulrich and Hammer, Daniel X and Noojin, Gary D and Rockwell, Benjamin A and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Energy balance of optical breakdown in water},
   booktitle = {BiOS'98 International Biomedical Optics Symposium},
   publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
   pages = {168-179},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
URL = { https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/3254/0000/Energy-balance-of-optical-breakdown-in-water/10.1117/12.308162.short},
Year = { 1998}
}

@inproceedings{Vogel1998,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Noack, Joachim and Nahen, Kester and Theisen, Dirk and Birngruber, Reginald and Hammer, Daniel X and Noojin, Gary D and Rockwell, Benjamin A},
   title = {Laser-induced breakdown in the eye at pulse durations from 80 ns to 100 fs},
   booktitle = {BiOS'98 International Biomedical Optics Symposium},
   publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
   pages = {34-49},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
URL = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.308220},
year = { 1998}
}

@article{Noack,
   author = {Noack, J. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Single-shot spatially resolved characterization of laser-induced shock waves in water},
   journal = {Appl Optics},
   volume = {37},
   number = {19},
   pages = {4092-4099},
   year = {1998}
}

@article{Noack,
   author = {Noack, J. and Hammer, D.X. and Rockwell, B.A. and Vogel, A. and Noojin, G. D.},
   title = {Influence of pulse duration on mechanical effects after laser-induced breakdown in water},
   journal = {J Appl Phys},
   volume = {83},
   number = {12},
   pages = {7488-7495},
   year = {1998}
}

@article{Noack,
   author = {Noack, J. and Tonnies, R. and Hohla, K. and Birngruber, R. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Influence of ablation plume dynamics on the formation of central islands in excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {104},
   number = {5},
   pages = {823-30},
   note = {0161-6420 (Print)
Comparative Study
In Vitro
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to understand the dynamics of ablation products during excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy, and their influence on the formation of central islands. METHOD: Laser flash photography was used to investigate the dynamics of ablation products during photorefractive keratectomy. The ablation plume over polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and porcine cornea targets ablated with different zone diameters was imaged at various times between 10 musec and 100 msec after the ablating laser pulse. On PMMA targets, the profiles of the resulting ablation craters were measured. RESULTS: In all cases, the ablation products formed a ring vortex. The plume velocities on cornea were found to be approximately twice as fast as on PMMA for all zone diameters. For both materials, the ablation plume evolves faster for smaller zone diameters. Central islands were observed for zone diameters between 1 and 7 mm on PMMA substrates. The islands became more pronounced with increasing zone diameter. CONCLUSIONS: A major cause for the formation of central islands was found to be particle redeposition at the center of the ablation zone. Because of the vortex dynamics, redeposition of particles favorably occurs at the center of the ablation zone. Additionally, the dynamics of the ablation plume lead to a concentration of airborne particles over the center of the ablation zone, which also may contribute to the creation of central islands by partial absorption of the next excimer laser pulse.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cornea/*pathology/*surgery
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
*Keratectomy, Photorefractive, Excimer Laser
Methylmethacrylates
Models, Anatomic
Swine
Time and Motion Studies
Volatilization},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Hammer,
   author = {Hammer, D.X. and Jansen, E.D. and Frenz, M. and Nojin, G.D. and Thomas, R.J. and Noack, J. and Vogel, A. and Rockwell, B.A. and Welch, A.J.},
   title = {Shielding properties of laser-induced breakdown in water from pulse durations from 5 ns to 125 fs.},
   journal = {Appl Optics},
   volume = {36},
   pages = {5630-5640},
   year = {1997}
}