@article{Klatt2004,
   author = {Klatt, C. and Bunse, A. and Elsner, H. and Poerksen, E. and Theisen, D. and Brinkman, R. and Hamilton, P. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H. and Roider, J.},
   title = {OCT-findings in patients treated with Selective-RPE-laser-treatment (SRT)},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {45},
   pages = {U366-U366},
   note = {Suppl. 2
846TC
4091
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000223338201285},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schüle,
   author = {Schüle, G. and Framme, C. and Roider, J. and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Noninvasive optoacoustic temperature determination at the fundus of the eye during laser irradiation},
   journal = {Journal of Biomedical Optics},
   volume = {9},
   number = {1},
   pages = {173-179},
   year = {2004}
}

@article{Ahlers2004,
   author = {Ahlers, C. and Michels, S. and Birngruber, R. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U.},
   title = {Differentiation of lesion types in exsudative age-related macular degeneration using current imaging methods},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {45},
   pages = {U61-U61},
   note = {Suppl. 2
846TC
3071
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000223338200273},
   year = {2004},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Framme2003,
   author = {Framme, C. and Alt, C. and Schuele, G. and Brinkmann, R. and Birngruber, R. and Lin, C.},
   title = {Threshold determinations for selective RPE laser treatment with a laser scanner in rabbits with different scan times in the microsecond regime},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {44},
   pages = {U663-U663},
   note = {Suppl. 2
709CK
4865
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000184607002325},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann2003,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Ozdemir, M. and Alt, C. and Schule, G. and Lin, C. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Targeting of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) by means of a rapidly scanned continuous wave (CW) laser beam},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {32(4)},
  year = { 2003},
url = { https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lsm.10150},
   pages = {252-64},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)}
}

@article{Niemeyer2003,
   author = {Niemeyer, M. and Michels, S. and Birngruber, R. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U.},
   title = {Three-dimensional imaging of photodynamic effects in choroidal neovascularization and collateral choroid},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {44},
   pages = {U297-U297},
   note = {Suppl. 1
709CH
1098
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000184606801048},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hoerauf,
    title        = {[Retinal photoablation with the Erbium:YAG laser. Initial experimental results for traction-free removal of tissue]},
    author       = {Hoerauf, H. and Brix, A. and Scholz, C. and Winkler, J. and Droge, G. and Birngruber, R. and Vogel, A. and Laqua, H.},
    year         = {2003},
    month        = {Feb},
    journal      = {Ophthalmologe},
    volume       = 100,
    number       = 2,
    pages        = {115--21},
    url          = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00347-002-0722-x},
    note         = {0941-293X (Print) Comparative Study English Abstract Journal Article},
    abstract     = {BACKGROUND: To investigate the potential of an Er:YAG laser for precise and traction-free removal of retinal layers in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retinal ablation in porcine retinal explants was performed using a free running Er:YAG laser focused either into a low-OH quartz fiber or a sapphire fiber. The explants were treated under air or perfluorodecaline (PFD). The ablation depth was evaluated by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and histology sections. RESULTS: A radiant exposure of 5.0 J/cm(2) under air and PFD resulted in complete transsection of the neurosensory retina.Between 3.5 and 2.0 J/cm(2) the ablation depth and the defect patterns varied markedly and adjacent thermal zones areas were seen. Below 2.0 J/cm(2) no defects could be created in air, whereas under PFD the ablation extended into the ganglion cell layer. Ablations using a sapphire fiber and 2.0 J/cm(2) showed a significantly higher reproducibility of ablation depth, and homogeneous defect patterns limited to the nerve fiber layer could be produced without thermal damage. CONCLUSIONS: The Er:YAG laser system with a low-OH quartz fiber allowed ablation of inner retinal layers in vitro, but revealed a variable ablation depth and low reproducibility.However, a sapphire fiber showed markedly improved results. Therefore its use during vitreoretinal surgery seems possible not only as a cutting device but also as a tool for the ablation of fine retinal structures.},
    keywords     = {Animals Erbium Fluorocarbons Laser Surgery/*methods *Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures Retina/anatomy & histology/*surgery Swine}
}

@article{Löning,
   author = {Löning, M. and Lankenau, E. and Strunck, C. and Krokowski, M. and Hillbricht, S. and Diedrich, K. and Hüttmann, G.},
   title = {Optische Kohärenztomographie - ein neues hochauflösendes Schnittbildverfahren als Ergänzung zur Kolposkopie},
   journal = {Geburtsh Frauenheilk},
   volume = {63},
   pages = {1158-1161},
   year = {2003}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Venugopalan, V.},
   title = {Mechanisms of Pulsed Laser Ablation of Biological Tissues},
   journal = {Chem. Rev.},
   volume = {103},
   pages = {577-644},
   year = {2003}
}

@article{Diddens,
   author = {Diddens, H. and Fischer, F. and Pottier, R. H.},
   title = {In-vivo investigations on dye-enhanced photothermal tumor therapy with a naphthalocyanine derivative},
   journal = {Oftalmologia},
   volume = {56},
   number = {1},
   pages = {59-61},
   note = {Diddens, Heyke
Fischer, Frank
Pottier, Roy H
Romania
Bucharest, Romania : 1990
Oftalmologia. 2003;56(1):59-61.},
   abstract = {Chromophore-enhanced photothermal therapy involves the application of an exogenous chromophore in combination with irradiation, using an appropriate wavelength, exposure duration and sufficient irradiances. The chromophore palladium(II) octabutoxynaphthalocyanine (PdNc(OBu)8) accumulates at satisfactory concentrations and with good selectivity between both tumor and muscle and tumor and skin in tumor-bearing mice. In an attempt to thermally damage tumor tissue with concurrent sparing of adjacent normal tissue, the potential of PdNc(OBu)8 for photothermal therapy was investigated. Using a Balb/c mouse model with subcutaneously implanted EMT6 adenocarcinoma, 90-100 hours after intraperitoneal application of PdNc(OBu)8, the tumor and surrounding tissue were irradiated with a 826nm continuous-wave diode laser. The thermal effects on tumor and normal tissue were evaluated histologically. Our results indicate that after PdNc(OBu)8 administration and tumor irradiation using 5W/cm-for 100 seconds, pronounced selective heating of the tumor was achieved in mice, while in control animals merely an unspecific and marginal overall increase in temperature over the entire irradiation area was observed. Histological evaluation of treated areas indicated that the PdNc(OBu)8-targeted tumor tissue showed severe thermal damage while peripheral tissue like skin and muscle remained largely unaffected. This study shows the potential of creating localized thermal effects by using PdNc(OBu)8 and continuous-wave light for chromophore-enhanced photothermal therapy.},
   keywords = {Adenocarcinoma/*therapy
Animals
Disease Models, Animal
Female
Hindlimb
Lasers
Mice
Mice, Inbred BALB C
Organometallic Compounds/*therapeutic use
Photochemotherapy/*methods
Soft Tissue Neoplasms/*therapy
Treatment Outcome},
   year = {2003}
}

@article{Miura2003,
   author = {Miura, Y. and Yanagihara, N. and Imamura, H. and Kaida, M. and Moriwaki, M. and Shiraki, K. and Miki, T.},
   title = {Hepatocyte growth factor stimulates proliferation and migration during wound healing of retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro},
   journal = {Jpn J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {47},
   number = {3},
   pages = {268-75},
   note = {Miura, Yoko
Yanagihara, Nobuyo
Imamura, Hitoshi
Kaida, Mayumi
Moriwaki, Mitsuyasu
Shiraki, Kunihiko
Miki, Tokuhiko
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
2003/06/05 05:00
Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2003 May-Jun;47(3):268-75.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: A defect in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells may cause dysfunction of the neural retina, so rapid recovery of differentiated RPE cells is required after RPE injury. We investigated the effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on wound healing in RPE cells. METHODS: Confluent monolayers of bovine RPE cells were denuded, and the cells were allowed to recover in the presence or absence of HGF. The effect of HGF on RPE cell proliferation was evaluated by a 3-(4;5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulphophenyl)-2H-tet raz olium assay. In a migration assay, mitomycin C was used to inhibit proliferation, and the number of migrated cells was counted. The signaling pathways involved were examined using inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3) kinase and protein kinase C pathways. RESULTS: At 80 ng/mL, HGF stimulated the wound closure of RPE monolayers and rendered the restituted cells more epithelioid in shape. HGF at 10 ng/mL stimulated RPE cell migration the most, whereas 80 ng/mL of HGF inhibited migration, but stimulated proliferation the most. In particular, PI3 kinase and MAPK inhibitor inhibited PRE cell migration and proliferation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: HGF stimulated wound closure in cultured RPE cells, and rendered restituted cells epithelioid in shape. HGF may become a therapeutic candidate for RPE wound healing.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cattle
Cell Count
Cell Division/*drug effects
Cell Movement/*drug effects
Cells, Cultured
Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
Hepatocyte Growth Factor/*pharmacology
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/*cytology/physiology
Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
Signal Transduction
Wound Healing/*drug effects},
   year = {2003}
}

@article{Teschner2003,
   author = {Teschner, S. and Noack, J. and Birngruber, R. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U.},
   title = {Characterization of leakage activity in exudative chorioretinal disease with three-dimensional confocal angiography},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {110},
   number = {4},
   pages = {687-697},
   note = {673EE
Times Cited:8
Cited References Count:30},
   abstract = {Purpose: A novel angiographic technique providing topographic imaging of chorioretinal fluorescence is applied to the characterization of leakage dynamics in exudative chorioretinopathy. The three-dimensional imaging is evaluated with respect to results with conventional two-dimensional fluorescence angiography.
Design: Prospective observational case series.
Participants: Thirty eyes of 30 patients with different exudative maculopathies (pigment epithelium detachment, branch retinal vein occlusion, central serous chorioretinopathy, each n = 10) and 11 eyes of 10 patients with clinically normal appearance.
Methods: Depth-resolved fluorescence angiography using a confocal scanning laser system was performed after complete ophthalmologic examination. The axial distribution of fluorescein and indocyanine green fluorescence at each x/y position within a tomographic scan of 32 images was analyzed. The chorioretinal fluorescence topography was reconstructed by localizing a defined threshold value of fluorescence and displayed as topographic relief. Qualitative description and quantitative measurements of exudation or structural alterations were performed topographically and conventionally.
Main Outcome Measures. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of structural or exudative changes in time course in topographic illustration compared with conventional angiography.
Results: Clinically physiologic eyes were presented topographically as a smooth concave surface of fluorescence with defined illustration of retinal vascular structures and the optic disc. Retinal vascular pathologic conditions induce a precisely demarcated pattern of intraretinal edema with a characteristic temporal evolution. In central serous retinopathy the underlying pathologic condition was identified as a perfusion defect, which was subsequently filled with a peak of exudation with differences in the time of maximum in fluorescein/indocyanine green angiography. Pigment epithelium detachment appeared as a high and well defined elevation, with the origin of exudation within the base of the detachment. Differences in the time of maximum prominence were found in indocyanine green angiography within the pigment epithelium detachment group.
Conclusions: Confocal topographic angiography allows for the first time precise three-dimensional functional imaging of fundus alterations caused by leakage or barrier dysfunction. Compared with conventional angiography, depth-resolved angiographic imaging is less impaired by masking phenomena or low fluorescence intensity, which improves the diagnostic yield of angiography. The characterization and quantification of leakage activity is a promising tool in the assessment of exudative maculopathy. (C) 2003 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.},
   keywords = {indocyanine green angiography
scanning laser ophthalmoscope
central serous chorioretinopathy
choroidal neovascularization
macular degeneration
topographic angiography
retinal thickness
fluorescein
videoangiography
tomography},
   ISSN = {0161-6420},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1016/S6420(02)01972-3},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000182566600026},
   year = {2003},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{1314015,
  author={Huber, R. and Moser, J.E. and Grutzet, M. and Wachtveitl, J.},
  booktitle={2003 European Quantum Electronics Conference. EQEC 2003 (IEEE Cat No.03TH8665)}, 
  title={Beyond vibrationally mediated electron transfer: coherent phenomena in a sub-10-femtosecond reaction regime}, 
  year={2003},
  volume={},
  number={},
  pages={158-},
  abstract={This study investigates the systems alizarin as well as coumarin 343 coupled onto TiO/sub 2/ nanoparticles with a femtosecond pump/probe setup. The investigation applies sub 20 fs pump pulses, provided by a noncollinear optical parametric amplifier (NOPA) and a supercontinuum generated in CaF/sub 2/ for a ultrabroadband detection covering a spectral range from 300-960 nm. This work also studies coherent wavepacket propagation succeeding electron transfer at the two systems alizarin/coumarin on TiO/sub 2/. Due to the superfast time scale of the investigated electron transfer (ET) reactions of about 4-7 fs the systems show fundamental differences to conventional molecular ET systems. The ET process is no longer mediated by molecular vibrations and therefore classical molecular ET theories lose their applicability. Results show the real-time coherent excitation of molecular vibrational eigenmodes directly by the ET reaction as well as the generation of phonons during polaron formation in the TiO/sub 2/ lattice. The presented investigations in combination with the classification of the appearing mechanisms could be the basis for an extension of molecular ET theories to superfast systems typically found at molecule/solid state interfaces.},
  keywords={},
  doi={10.1109/EQEC.2003.1314015},
  ISSN={},
  month={June},}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Venugopalan, V.},
   title = {Additions and Corrections},
   journal = {Chemical Reviews},
   volume = {103},
   number = {5},
   pages = {2079},
   year = {2003}
}

@Article{HU_2002_Huber_a,
  Title                    = {{Real-Time Observation of Photoinduced Adiabatic Electron Transfer in Strongly Coupled Dye/Semiconductor Colloidal Systems with a 6 fs Time Constant}},
  Author                   = {Huber, Robert and Moser, Jacques-E. and Gr\"{a}tzel, Michael and Wachtveitl, Josef},
  Journal                  = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry B},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {25},
  Pages                    = {6494--6499},
  Volume                   = {106},
keywords = {AG-Huber},

  Doi                      = {10.1021/jp0155819},
  ISSN                     = {1520-6106},
  Url                      = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp0155819}
}

@article{Vogel2002,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred . and Schweiger, P. and Frieser, A. and Asiyo, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Intraocular Nd: YAG Laser Surgery: Light-Tissue Interaction, Damage Range, and Reduction of Collateral Effects},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {26},
   pages = {2241-2260},
   year = { 2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel-2002-2,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Hüttmann, G. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Low-density plasmas below the optical breakdown threshold: potential hazard for multiphoton microscopy, and a tool for the manipulation of intracellular events},
   journal = {Proc SPIE "Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences II"},
   volume = {4620},
   pages = {202-216},
   year = { 2002},
url = { https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/4620/0000/Low-density-plasmas-below-the-optical-breakdown-threshold--potential/10.1117/12.470693.short?SSO=1}
}

@article{Brinkmann2002,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Oezdemir, M. and Alt, C. and Schuele, G. and Lin, C. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selective RPE damage by means of a rapidly scanned cw laser beam},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {43},
   pages = {U595-U595},
   note = {Suppl. 1
709CF
2535
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000184606602467},
   year = {2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel-2002-3,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Schmidt, P. and Flucke, B.},
   title = {Minimization of thermomechanical side effects and increase of ablation efficiency in IR ablation by use of multiply Q-switched laser pulses},
   journal = {SPIE Proc. Laser Tissue Interaction XIII},
   volume = {4617A},
   year = { 2002},
url = { https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/4617/0000/Minimization-of-thermomechanical-side-effects-and-increase-of-ablation-efficiency/10.1117/12.472512.short}
}

@article{Nahen,
   author = {Nahen, K. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Plume dynamics and shielding by the ablation plume during Er:YAG laser ablation},
   journal = {Journal of Biomedical Optics},
   volume = {7},
   number = {2},
   pages = {165-178},
   year = {2002}
}

@article{Müller-Velten2002,
   author = {Muller-Velten, R. and Hillmann, K. and Birngruber, R. and Noack, J. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U.},
   title = {Topographic imaging and quantification of retinal vascular leakage in venous branch occlusion},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {43},
   pages = {U805-U805},
   note = {Suppl. 2
709CG
2859
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000184606700021},
   year = {2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Framme2002,
   author = {Framme, C. and Schuele, G. and Roider, J. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {Threshold determinations for selective RPE damage with repetitively pulsed microsecond laser systems in rabbits},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {43},
   pages = {U595-U595},
   note = {Suppl. 1
709CF
2530
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000184606602462},
   year = {2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Framme2002,
   author = {Framme, C. and Schuele, G. and Roider, J. and Kracht, D. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {Threshold determinations for selective retinal pigment epithelium damage with repetitive pulsed microsecond laser systems in rabbits},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers},
   volume = {33},
   number = {5},
   pages = {400-409},
   note = {596HY
Times Cited:18
Cited References Count:28},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In both clinical and animal studies, it has been shown that repetitive short laser pulses can cause selective retinal pigment epithelium damage (RPE) with sparing of photoreceptors. Our purpose was to determine the ophthalmoscopic and angiographic damage thresholds as a function of pulse durations by using different pulsed laser systems to optimize treatment modalities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chinchilla-breed rabbits were narcotized and placed in a special holding system. Laser lesions were applied using a commercial laser slit lamp, contact lens, and irradiation with a frequency-doubled Nd:YLF laser (wavelength: 527 nm; repetition rate: 500 Hz; number of pulses: 100; pulse duration: 5 mus, 1.7 mus, 200 ns) and an argon-ion laser (514 nm, 500 Hz, 100 pulses, 5 mus and 200 ins). In all eyes, spots with different energies were placed into the regio macularis with a diameter of 102 mum (tophat profile). After treatment, fundus photography and fluorescein angiography were performed and radiant exposure for ED50 damage determined. Speckle measurements at the fiber tips were performed to determine intensity peaks in the beam profile.
RESULTS: Using the Nd:YLF laser system, the ophthalmoscopic ED50 threshold energies were 25.4 lJ (5 mus), 32 muJ (1.7 mus), and 30 muJ (200 ns). The angiographic ED50 thresholds were 13.4 muJ (5 mus), 9.2 muJ (1.7 mus), and 6.7 muJ (200 ns). With the argon laser, the angiographic threshold for 5 mus pulses was 5.5 muJ. The ophthalmoscopic threshold could not be determined because of a lack of power; however, it was > 12 muJ. For 200 ms, the ED50 radiant exposures were 20.4 mW ophthalmoscopically and 19.2 mW angiographically. Speckle factors were found to be 1.225 for the Nd:YLF and 3.180 for the argon laser. Thus, the maximal ED50-threshold radiant exposures for the Nd:YLF were calculated to be 362 mJ/cm(2) (5 mus), 478 mJ/cm(2) (1.7 mus), and 438 mJ/cm(2) (200 ns) ophthalmoscopically. Angiographically, the thresholds were 189 mJ/cm(2) (5 mus), 143 mJ/cm(2) (1.7 mus), and 97 mJ/cm(2) (200 ns). For the argon laser, the maximal ED50 radiant exposure threshold was 170 mJ/cm(2) angiographically.
CONCLUSION: The gap between the angiographic and the ophthalmoscopic thresholds for the 200 ns regime (4.5 times above angiographic ED50) was wider than for the 1.7 mus regime (3.3 times above the angiographic ED50). This would suggest the appropriate treatment would be 200 ns pulses. However, histologies have yet to prove that nonvisible mechanical effects increase with shorter pulse durations and could reduce the "therapeutic window." When comparing the thresholds with 5 mus pulses from the argon and Nd:YLF laser, it demonstrates that intensity modulations in the beam profile must be considered.},
   keywords = {primate eye
photocoagulation
neovascularization
nanosecond
lesions
model},
   ISSN = {0022-023X},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000178160100008},
   year = {2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth2002,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. M. and Ahlswede, W. and Michels, S. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Three-dimensional analysis of photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced vascular effects in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and choroid: A two year follow-up},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {43},
   pages = {U1143-U1143},
   note = {Suppl. 2
709CG
3978
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000184606701132},
   year = {2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brujan2002,
   author = {Brujan, EA. and Keen, G.S. and Vogel, A. and Blake, J.R.},
   title = {The final stage of the collapse of a cavitation bubble close to a rigid boundary},
   journal = {Phys Fluids},
   volume = {14},
   pages = {85-92},
   year = {2002}
}

@article{Hoerauf2002,
   author = {Hoerauf, H. and Scholz, C. and Koch, P. and Engelhardt, R. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Transscleral optical coherence tomography: a new imaging method for the anterior segment of the eye},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {120},
   number = {6},
   pages = {816-9},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To present a new imaging method for the anterior segment of the eye. METHODS: Transscleral optical coherence tomographic images were generated in healthy volunteers using a slitlamp-adapted prototype equipped with a superluminescence diode with an infrared wavelength of 1310 nm. RESULTS: The optical coherence tomographic system used allowed penetration of human sclera in vivo and high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging of the anterior chamber angle and the ciliary body. CONCLUSION: The 1310-nm optical coherence tomographic image shows a significant potential as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for the anterior segment of the eye.},
   keywords = {Anatomy, Cross-Sectional/*methods
Anterior Eye Segment/*anatomy & histology
*Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
Humans
Interferometry
Light
Sclera
Tomography/methods},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12049589},
   year = { 2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann2002,
   author = {Brinkmann, R  and Koop, N and Özdemir, M  and Alt, C and Schüle, G and Lin, C P and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Selective damage of pigmented cells by means of a rapidly scanned cw laser beam},
   journal = {Proc SPIE},
   volume = {4617},
   pages = {134-140},
   year = {2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Venogupalan,
   author = {Venugopalan, V. and Guerra, A. and Nahen, K. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Role of Laser-Induced Plasma Formation in Pulsed Cellular Microsurgery and Micromanipulation},
   journal = {Phys Rev Let},
   volume = {88},
   number = {7},
   pages = {078103 (1-4)},
   year = {2002}
}

@article{Brix2002,
   author = {Brix, A and Vogel, A and Winkler, J and Dröge, G and Birngruber, R and Laqua, H and Hoerauf, H},
   title = {Photoablation innerer Netzhautschichten mit dem Erbium: YAG-Laser in vitro},
   journal = {Focus Mul / Medizinische Universität <Lübeck>},
   volume = {19},
   number = {1},
   pages = {35},
   ISSN = {0940-9998},
   url = {http://www.zbmed.de/ccmedimages/2002/24278.pdf},
   year = {2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wirbelauer2002,
   author = {Wirbelauer, C. and Scholz, C. and Hoerauf, H. and Pham, D. T. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Noncontact corneal pachymetry with slit lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography},
   journal = {American Journal of Ophthalmology},
   volume = {133},
   number = {4},
   pages = {444-450},
   note = {538DE
Times Cited:73
Cited References Count:35},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy, the reproducibility, and the limits of agreement of noncontact central corneal thickness measurement with slit lamp adapted optical coherence tomography (OCT). DESIGN: Nonrandomized comparative clinical trial.
METHODS: In a prospective comparative observational study, a total of 108 consecutive patients ( 108 eyes) with normal corneas (92 eyes) and different corneal alters ations (16 eyes) participated. Six sequential measure. ments of the central corneal thickness with slit lamp-adapted OCT and with ultrasound (US) pachymetry at 1640 ms(-1) were performed. The main outcome measures were accuracy, reproducibility assessed with precision and coefficient of variation (CV), and limits of agreement of central corneal thickness measurement.
RESULTS: The mean central corneal thickness values were 541 +/- 43 mum (OCT) and 549 +/- 44 mum (US) with a mean precision of +/- 5.8 mum (CV 1.08%) and of +/- 4.0 mum (CV 0.73%), respectively. The method comparison revealed equivalence (+/- 2SD) in the 5% range with a mean difference between both methods of 7.9 mum (1-45%). The relative error was 8.7 mum (1.6%), which corresponded to limits of agreement (+/- 2SD) ranging from -9.5 mum to 25.3 mum.
CONCLUSIONS: Central corneal pachymetry with slit lamp,adapted OCT revealed, for clinical purposes, an excellent accuracy and reproducibility with a high degree of agreement compared with US pachymetry. Thus, the presented OCT system seems to be a promising diagnostic modality to objectively measure corneal thickness in a convenient noncontact mode. (C) 2002 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.},
   keywords = {in-situ keratomileusis
anterior segment
human-eye
thickness
interferometry
regression
precision},
   ISSN = {0002-9394},
   DOI = {Pii S0002-9394(01)01425-8
Doi 10.1016/S0002-9394(01)01425-8},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000174798200002},
   year = {2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Miura2002,
   author = {Y, Miura and T, Yokoyma and H, Tabuchi and M, Yamaguchi and N, Hosoda and Y, Miyata},
   title = {Long-term outcome of juvenile-onset myasthenia ocularis treated by systemic corticosteroid. Japanese review of clinical ophthalmology. },
   journal = {Japanese Review of Clinical Ophthalmology},
   volume = {96},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1133-1135},
   year = {2002}
}

@article{Hüttmann2002,
   author = {Hüttmann, G. and Radt, B. and Serbin, J. and Lange,  Björn I. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {High Precision Cell Surgery with Nanoparticles?},
   journal = {Med Laser Appl},
   volume = {17},
   pages = {9-14},
   year = {2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel, 
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J. and Hüttmann, G. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Femtosecond-laser-produced low-density plasmas in transparent biological media: A tool for the creation of chemical, thermal and thermomechanical effets below the optical brekdown threshold},
   journal = {Proc. SPIE "Commercial and Biological Applications of Ultrafast Lasers IV"},
   volume = {4633},
   pages = {23-37},
   year = {2002}
}

@article{Brinkmann2002,
   author = {Nahrendorf, M;Hiller, K H;Theisen, D;Hu, K;Waller, C;Kaiser, R;Haase, A;Ertl, G;Brinkmann, R and Bauer, WR},
   title = {Effect of transmyocardial laser revascularization on myocardial perfusion and left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats},
   journal = {Radiology},
   volume = {225},
   number = {2(487-493)},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2252011325},
   year = {2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Framme2002,
   author = {Framme, C and Brinkmann, R and Birngruber, R and Roider, J},
   title = {Autofluorescence imaging after selective RPE treatment in macular diseases and clinical outcome: a pilot study},
   journal = {Br J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {86},
   pages = {1099-1106},
   year = {2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Framme2002,
   author = {Framme, C. and Brinkmann, R. and Birngruber, R. and Roider, J.},
   title = {Autofluorescence imaging after selective RPE laser treatment in macular diseases and clinical outcome: a pilot study},
   journal = {British Journal of Ophthalmology},
   volume = {86},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1099-1106},
   note = {595YE
Times Cited:47
Cited References Count:35},
   abstract = {Aim: Selective retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) laser treatment is a new technique which selectively damages the RPE while sparing the neural retina. One difficulty is the inability to visualise the laser lesions, The aim of the study was to investigate whether fundus autofluorescence (AF) is changed because of the RPE damage, and thus might be used for treatment control. Additionally, the clinical course of patients with various macular diseases was evaluated.
Methods: 26 patients with macular diseases (diabetic maculopathy (DMP), soft drusen maculopathy (AMD), and central serous retinopathy (CSR)) were treated and followed up for at least 6 months. Treatment was performed with a train of repetitive short laser pulses (800 ns) of a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser (parameters: 532 nm, 50 and 500 pulses at 100 and 500 Hz, retinal spot diameter 200 pm, pulse energies 75-175 muJ). AF was excited by 488 nm and detected by a barrier filter at 500 nm (HRA, Heidelberg Engineering, Germany). Patients were examined by ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, and autofluorescence measurements at various times after treatment (10 minutes, 1 hour, 1 and 6 weeks, 3, 6, and 12 months).
Results: Fluorescein angiography showed leakage from the irradiated areas for about I week after treatment. None of the laser lesions was ophthalmoscopically visible during treatment. Identification of the lesions was possible by AF imaging showing an intensity decay in the irradiated area in 22 out of 26 patients, predominantly in patients with CSR and AMD. Lesions could be identified 10 minutes after treatment as hypoautofluorescent spots, which were more pronounced I hour later. During follow up the laser spots became hyperautofluorescent. In patients with DMP some AF images were less helpful because of diffuse oedema and larger retinal thickness. In these cases ICG angiography was able to confirm therapeutic success very well. Most of the patients have had benefit from the treatment, with best results obtained for CSR patients.
Conclusion: Imaging of non-visible selective RPE laser effects can be achieved by AF measurements predominantly in patients without retinal oedema. Therefore, AF may replace invasive fluorescein angiography in many cases to verify therapeutic laser success, Selective laser treatment has the potential to improve the prognosis of macular diseases without the risk of laser scotomas.},
   keywords = {retinal-pigment epithelium
primate retina
fundus autofluorescence
scanning ophthalmoscope
photocoagulation
lipofuscin
krypton
fluorescence
melanin
lesions},
   ISSN = {0007-1161},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1136/bjo.86.10.1099},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000178135200010},
   year = {2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hoerauf2002,
   author = {Hoerauf, H. and Winkler, J. and Scholz, C. and Wirbelauer, C. and Gordes, R. S. and Koch, P. and Engelhardt, R. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Transscleral optical coherence tomography--an experimental study in ex-vivo human eyes},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {30},
   number = {3},
   pages = {209-15},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potentials of a 1310-nm optical coherence tomography (OCT) system to penetrate the highly backscattering sclera in enucleated human eyes and provide visualization of intraocular structures by transscleral imaging. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: OCT-images were generated by an experimental prototype (Medical Laser Center, Lubeck, Germany) using a superluminescence diode with a wavelength of 1310 nm. OCT-images were taken from two enucleated human eyes using 100-200 axial scans with 60 Hz line scan frequency and compared to subsequent histologic sections. RESULTS: Transscleral OCT allowed penetration of the sclera and the anterior chamber angle could be completely identified. Some change within the anterior eye segment could be demonstrated with high accuracy. Additionally, limited demonstration of the ciliary body region was achieved. Due to limited signal intensity no detailed imaging of the pars plana and pars plicata region was possible. However, more posterior measurements allowed transscleral visualization of a retinal detachment. CONCLUSIONS: OCT using lightsources with a wavelength longer than that used in conventional OCT provides a promising imaging technique at high resolution allowing transscleral imaging of the anterior eye segment.},
   keywords = {Anterior Chamber/cytology
Anterior Eye Segment/cytology
Ciliary Body/cytology
Equipment Design
Eye/*cytology
Humans
Tomography/instrumentation/*methods},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11891740},
   year = {2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{HUBER2001443,
title = {Noncollinear optical parametric amplifiers with output parameters improved by the application of a white light continuum generated in CaF2},
journal = {Optics Communications},
volume = {194},
number = {4},
pages = {443-448},
year = {2001},
issn = {0030-4018},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-4018(01)01324-4},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030401801013244},
author = {Robert Huber and Helmut Satzger and Wolfgang Zinth and Josef Wachtveitl},
keywords = {Femtosecond pulses, Parametric amplification, White light continuum, Supercontinuum, Frequency conversion, Amplification bandwidth, Calcium fluoride (CaF)},
abstract = {We report the drastic improvement of output parameters of femtosecond noncollinear optical parametric amplifiers by applying supercontinuum seed pulses generated in CaF2 instead of sapphire and imaging via all reflective optics. Features of the setup are broad amplification bandwidths up to 310 THz (470–910 nm), an almost Gaussian beam profile, a divergence with M2 factor of less than 1.4, pulse to pulse energy fluctuations of less than 2.5% and compressibility of the pulses down to 16 fs. The high intensity of the supercontinuum seed pulse (80 nJ) yields a quantum efficiency for the conversion of pump to signal of more than 30%. Even for short wavelengths e.g. at 470 nm pulse energies above 30 μJ were obtained for 110 μJ of 400 nm pump light.}
}

@article{Framme2001,
   author = {Framme, C. and Schuele, G. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R. and Roider, J.},
   title = {Autofluorescence imaging after selective RPE laser treatment in macular diseases: A pilot study.},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {42},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S703-S703},
   note = {Suppl. S
427EP
3785
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000168392103748},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann2001,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Schuele, G. and Joachimmeyer, E. and Roider, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Determination of absolute fundus temperatures during retinal laser photocoagulation and selective RPE treatment.},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {42},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S696-S696},
   note = {Suppl. S
427EP
3749
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000168392103712},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brujan2001,
   author = {Brujan, Emil-Alexandru and Nahen, Kester and Schmidt, Peter and Vogel, Alfred},
   title = {Dynamics of laser-induced cavitation bubbles near elastic boundaries: influence of the elastic modulus},
   journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
   volume = {433},
   pages = {283-314},
   ISSN = {1469-7645},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber2001,
   author = {Arnold, J. and Kilmartin, D. and Olson, J. and Neville, S. and Robinson, K. and Laird, A. and Richmond, C. and Farrow, A. and McKay, S. and McKechnie, R. and Evans, G. and Aaberg, T. M. and Brower, J. and Waldron, R. and Loupe, D. and Gillman, J. and Myles, B. and Saperstein, D. A. and Schachat, A. P. and Bressler, N. M. and Bressler, S. B. and Nesbitt, P. and Porter, T. and Hawse, P. and Harnett, M. and Eager, A. and Belt, J. and Cain, D. and Emmert, D. and George, T. and Herring, M. and McDonald, J. and Mones, J. and Corcostegui, B. and Gilbert, M. and Duran, N. and Sisquella, M. and Nolla, A. and Margalef, A. and Miller, J. W. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Lane, A. M. and Emmanuel, N. and Holbrook, A. and Evans, C. and Lord, U. S. and Walsh, D. K. and Callahan, C. D. and DuBois, J. L. and Moy, J. and Kenney, A. G. and Milde, I. and Platz, E. S. and Lewis, H. and Kaiser, P. K. and Holody, L. J. and Lesak, E. and Lichterman, S. and Siegel, H. and Fattori, A. and Ambrose, G. and Fecko, T. and Ross, D. and Burke, S. and Conway, J. and Singerman, L. and Zegarra, H. and Novak, M. and Bartel, M. and Tilocco-DuBois, K. and Ilc, M. and Schura, S. and Joyce, S. and Tanner, V. and Rowe, P. and Smith-Brewer, S. and Greanoff, G. and Daley, G. and DuBois, J. and Lehnhardt, D. and Kukula, D. and Fish, G. E. and Jost, B. F. and Anand, R. and Callanan, D. and Arceneaux, S. and Arnwine, J. and Ellenich, P. and King, J. and Aguado, H. and Rollins, R. and Anderson, T. and Nork, C. and Duignan, K. and Boleman, B. and Jurklies, B. and Pauleikhoff, D. and Hintzmann, A. and Fischer, M. and Sowa, C. and Birngruber, R. and others },
   title = {Verteporfin therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration: Two-year results of a randomized clinical trial including lesions with occult with no classic choroidal neovascularization-verteporfin in photodynamic therapy report 2},
   journal = {American Journal of Ophthalmology},
   volume = {131},
   number = {5},
   pages = {541-560},
   note = {431AN
Times Cited:579
Cited References Count:9},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To determine if photodynamic therapy with verteporfin (Visudyne; Novartis AG, Bulach, Switzerland), termed verteporfin therapy, can safely reduce the risk of vision loss compared with a placebo (with sham treatment) in patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization caused by age-related macular degeneration who were identified with a lesion composed of occult with no classic choroidal neovascularization, or with presumed early onset classic choroidal neovascularization with good visual acuity letter score,
METHODS: This was a double-masked, placebo controlled (sham treatment), randomized, multicenter clinical trial involving 28 ophthalmology practices in Europe and North America. The study population was patients with age related macular degeneration, with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization lesions measuring no greater than 5400 mum in greatest linear dimension with either 1) occult with no classic choroidal neovascularization, best-corrected visual acuity score of at least 50 (Snellen equivalent approximately 20/100), and evidence of hemorrhage or recent disease progression; or 2) evidence of classic choroidal neovascularization with a best-corrected visual acuity score of at least 70 (better than a Snellen equivalent of approximately 20/40); assigned randomly (2:1) to verteporfin therapy or placebo therapy. Verteporfin (6 mg per square meter of body surface area) or placebo (5% dextrose in water) was administered by means of intravenous infusion of 30 mi over 10 minutes. Fifteen minutes after the start of the infusion, a laser light at 689 nm delivered 50 J/cm(2) by application of an intensity of 600 mW/cm(2) over 83 seconds using a spot size with a diameter 1000 mum larger than the greatest linear dimension of the choroidal neovascularization lesion on the retina. At follow-up examinations every 3 months, retreatment with the same regimen was applied if angiography showed fluorescein leakage. The main outcome measure was at least moderate vision loss, that is, a loss of at least 15 letters (approximately 3 lines), adhering to an intent-to treat analysis with the last observation carried forward to impute for missing data.
RESULTS: Two hundred ten (93%) and 193 (86%) of the 225 patients in the verteporfin group compared with 104 (91%) and 99 (87%) of the 114 patients in the placebo group completed the month 12 and 24 examinations, respectively. On average, verteporfin-treated patients received five treatments over the 24 months of follow-up. The primary outcome was similar for the verteporfin-treated and the placebo-treated eyes through the month 12 examination, although a number of secondary visual and angiographic outcomes significantly favored the verteporfin-treated group. Between the month 12 and 24 examinations, the treatment benefit grew so that by the month 24 examination, the vertepor-fin-treated eyes were less likely to have moderate or severe vision loss. Of the 225 verteporfin-treated patients, 121 (54%) compared with 76 (67%) of 114 placebo-treated patients lost at least 15 letters (P =.023). Likewise, 61 of the verteporfin-treated patients (30%) compared with 54 of the placebo-treated patients (47%) lost at least 30 letters (P = .001). Statistically significant results favoring verteporfin therapy at the month 24 examination were consistent between the total population and the subgroup of patients with a baseline lesion composition identified as occult choroidal neovascularization with no classic choroidal neovascularization, This subgroup included 166 of the 225 verteporfin-treated patients (74%) and 92 of the 114 placebo-treated patients (81%). In these patients, 91 of the verteporfin-treated group (55%) compared with 63 of the placebo-treated group (68%) lost at least 15 letters (P =.032), whereas 48 of the verteporfin-treated group (29%) and 43 of the placebo-treated group (47%) lost at least 30 letters (P =.004). Other secondary outcomes, including visual acuity letter score worse than 34 (approximate Snellen equivalent of 20/200 or worse), mean change in visual acuity letter score, development of classic choroidal neovascularization, progression of classic choroidal neovascularization and size of lesion, favored the verteporfin-treated group at both the month 12 and month 24 examination for both the entire study group and the subgroup of cases with occult with no classic choroidal neovascularization at baseline. Subgroup analyses of lesions composed of occult with no classic choroidal neovascularization at baseline suggested that the treatment benefit was greater for patients with either smaller lesions (4 disc areas or less) or lower levels of visual acuity (letter score less than 65, an approximate Snellen equivalent of 20/50(-1) or worse) at baseline. Prospectively planned multivariable analyses confirmed that these two baseline variables affected the magnitude of treatment benefit. Of the 123 verteporfin-treated patients and 64 placebo-heated patients with either visual acuity score Less than 65 or lesion size 4 disc areas or less at baseline, 60 (49%) and 48 (75%) lost at least 15 letters (P < .001), respectively, and 26 (21%) and 31 (48%) lost at least 30 letters (P <.001), respectively, at the month 24 examination. Conversely, treatment may not be beneficial for patients with both larger lesions and good visual acuity (both greater than 4 disc areas and letter score 65 or greater, an approximate Snellen equivalent of 20/50 or better). With respect to safety for the entire study group, 10 of 225 verteportin-treated patients (4.
4%) and none of the placebo-treated patients had a severe decrease of vision (at least 20 letters compared with the visual acuity just before the treatment) within 7 days after treatment, judged to be the result of the development of subretinal pigment epithelial blood, marked subretinal fluid associated with choroidal hypofluorescence, or no obvious cause. Five of these 10 patients had recovery of vision to less than a 20-letter loss compared with the pretreatment vision score at 3 months after this event. Photosensitivity reactions occurred in only one patient in each group.
CONCLUSIONS: In this trial of patients with agerelated macular degeneration and subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation lesions composed of occult with no classic choroidal neovascularization, verteporfin therapy significantly reduced the risk of moderate and severe visual acuity loss. Subgroup analyses suggest that a greater benefit was achieved in patients presenting with either smaller lesions (4 disc areas or less) or lower levels of visual acuity (letter score less than 65, an approximate Snellen equivalent of 20/50(-1) or less). The Verteporfin In Photodynamic Therapy Study Group recommends that this therapy should be considered for the treatment of patients with age-related macular degeneration with subfoveal lesions composed of occult with no classic choroidal neovascularization who are presumed to have recent disease progression. Patients to be treated should be aware of a small (4%) risk of acute, severe vision decrease.<(c)> 2001 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.).},
   ISSN = {0002-9394},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000168609900001},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brujan2001,
   author = {Brujan, EA. and Nahen, K. and Schmidt, P. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Dynamics of laser-induced cavitation bubbles near elastic boundary},
   journal = {J Fluid Mech},
   volume = {433},
   pages = {251-281},
   year = {2001}
}

@article{Wirbelauer2001,
   author = {Wirbelauer, C. and Scholz, C. and Hoerauf, H. and Bastian, G. O. and Engelhardt, R. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Examination of the cornea using optical coherence tomography},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {98},
   number = {2},
   pages = {151-156},
   note = {403KQ
Times Cited:34
Cited References Count:18},
   abstract = {Introduction. This study evaluated the clinical use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for two-dimensional representation of the cornea.
Patients and methods. Noncontact slit-lamp-adapted OCT was used in selected cases to evaluate pathologically altered corneas and to measure the central corneal thickness and curvature.
Results. OCT provided correlation between differences in reflection and morphological changes. Scar tissue resulted in hyperreflective light scattering, wheras cystic lesions were hyporeflective. Precise biomorphometry also allowed representation of intrastromal and retrocorneal changes. Central corneal thickness measured by OCT yielded reproducible values and corn be calculated from the optical signals of the corneal surface.
Conclusions. OCT provides high-resolution representation of the cornea and exact evaluation of its morphology, thickness, and curvature. Due to the noncontact, simple,and rapid examination using the slitlamp the corneal OCT method is a promising additional diagnostic modality.},
   keywords = {optical coherence tomography
cornea
pachymetry
profilometry
thickness measurements
in-vivo
pachymetry
topography
eye},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470170176},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000167041400005},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Miura2001,
   author = {Yanagihara, N. and Miura, Y. and Moriwaki, M. and Shiraki, K. and Imamura, H. and Kaida, M. and Miki, T.},
   title = {Hepatocyte growth factor promotes epithelial morphogenesis and occludin linkage to the cytoskeleton in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {239},
   number = {8},
   pages = {619-27},
   note = {Yanagihara, N
Miura, Y
Moriwaki, M
Shiraki, K
Imamura, H
Kaida, M
Miki, T
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
2001/10/05 10:00
Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2001 Aug;239(8):619-27.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is also known as scatter factor, it induces epithelial morphogenesis in cultured bovine retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. To elucidate the mechanism of epithelial morphogenesis, we investigated the influence of HGF on occludin, a major component of tight junctions. METHODS: RPE cells were plated on collagen type 1-coated chamber slides or dishes, 20 ng/ml HGF was added and the cells were incubated for 1 week. Cells were harvested at several time-points, and occludin expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. Detergent extraction protocols to identify the intensity of occludin linkage to the cytoskeleton were also used. Occludin expression was determined semiquantitatively by Western blotting. RESULTS: Fluorescence microscopy revealed that HGF treatment increased the levels of insoluble occludin at the cell borders after detergent extraction. These level of insoluble occludin and the associated epithelial morphology were maintained for more than 3 weeks after withdrawal of HGF, whereas cells not treated with HGF had a fibroblastic appearance. Western blotting also showed that insoluble occludin was more abundant in HGF-treated cells. Furthermore, immunoreactive bands of insoluble occludin were somewhat larger than those of soluble occludin, suggesting that insoluble occludin may be modified in comparison to soluble occludin. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that HGF promotes linkage of occludin to the cytoskeleton. HGF may become a therapeutic candidate in physiological recovery of RPE cells and in preparation of RPE monolayers for transplantation.},
   keywords = {Animals
Blotting, Western
Cattle
Cells, Cultured
Cytoskeleton/*metabolism
Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
Hepatocyte Growth Factor/*pharmacology
Membrane Proteins/*metabolism
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Morphogenesis
Occludin
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/cytology/*drug effects/metabolism},
   year = {2001}
}

@article{Elsner2001,
   author = {Elsner, H. G. and Niemeyer, M. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U.},
   title = {Imaging of choroidal neovascularization: A comparison of optical coherence tomography and topographic angiography.},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {42},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S795-S795},
   note = {Suppl. S
427EP
4262
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000168392104225},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Schmidt, P. and Flucke, B.},
   title = {Minimization of thermomechanical side effects in IR ablation by use of Q-switched double pulses},
   journal = {Laser-Tissue Interaction XII. SPIE},
   volume = {4257},
   pages = {184-191},
   year = {2001}
}

@article{Hüttmann,
   author = {Hüttmann, G. and Serbin, J. and Radt, B. and Lange, Björn I. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Model system for investigating laser-induced subcellular microeffects.},
   journal = {Proc SPIE},
   volume = {4257},
   pages = {398-409},
   year = {2001}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J.},
   title = {Numerical simulation of optical breakdown for cellular surgery at nanosecond to femtosecond time scales},
   journal = {Laser- Tissue Interactions, Therapeutic Applications, and Photodynamic Therapy. SPIE},
   volume = {4433},
   pages = {70-80},
   year = {2001}
}

@article{Birngruber2001,
   author = {Arnold, J. and Kilmartin, D. and Olson, J. and Neville, S. and Robinson, K. and Birngruber, R. and  Laird, A. and Richmond, C. and Farrow, A. and McKay, S. and Saperstein, D. A. and Aaberg, T. M. and Johnson, J. B. and Waldron, R. and Loupe, D. and Gillman, J. and Myles, B. and Schachat, A. P. and Bressler, N. M. and Bressler, S. B. and Nesbitt, P. and Porter, T. and Hawse, P. and Hartnett, M. and Eager, A. and Belt, J. and Cain, D. and Emmert, D. and George, T. and Herring, M. and McDonald, J. and Mones, J. and Corcostegui, B. and Gilbert, M. and Duran, N. and Sisquella, M. and Nolla, A. and Margalef, A. and Miller, J. W. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Lane, A. M. and Emmanuel, N. and Holbrook, A. and Evans, C. and Lord, U. S. and Walsh, D. K. and Callahan, C. D. and DuBois, J. L. and Lewis, H. and Kaiser, P. K. and Holody, L. J. and Lesak, E. and Lichterman, S. and Siegel, H. and Fattori, A. and Ambrose, G. and Fecko, T. and Ross, D. and Burke, S. and Singerman, L. and Zegarra, H. and Novak, M. and Bartel, M. and Tilocco-DuBois, K. and Iic, M. and Schura, S. and Mayes, S. J. and Tanner, V. and Rowe, P. and Smith-Brewer, S. and Kukula, D. and Greanoff, G. and Daley, G. and DuBois, J. and Lehnhardt, D. and Fish, G. E. and Jost, B. F. and Anand, R. and Callanan, D. and Arceneaux, S. and Arnwine, J. and Ellenich, P. and King, J. and Aguado, H. and Rollins, R. and Jurklies, B. and Pauleikhoff, D. and Hintzmann, A. and Fischer, M. and Sowa, C. and Behne, E. and Pournaras, C. J. and Donati, G. and Kapetanios, A. D. and Cavaliere, K. and Guney-Wagner, S. and Gerber, N. and Sickenberg, M. and Sickenberg, V. and Gans, A. and Hosner, B. and others },
   title = {Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in pathologic myopia with verteporfin - 1-year results of a randomized clinical trial - VIP report no. 1},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {108},
   number = {5},
   pages = {841-852},
   note = {425WW
Times Cited:272
Cited References Count:12},
   abstract = {Objective: To determine if photodynamic therapy with verteporfin (Visudyne; CIBA Vision Corp, Duluth, GA) can improve the chance of stabilizing or improving vision (<8 letter loss) safely in patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) caused by pathologic myopia.
Design: Multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial at 28 ophthalmology practices in Europe and North America.
Participants: One hundred twenty patients with subfoveal CNV caused by pathologic myopia with a greatest linear dimension no more than 5400 <mu>m and best-corrected visual acuity (Snellen equivalent) of approximately 20/100 or better.
Intervention: Patients were randomly assigned (2:1) to verteporfin (6 mg per square meter of body surface area; n = 81) or placebo (5% dextrose in water, n = 39) administered via intravenous infusion of 30 ml over 10 minutes. Fifteen minutes after the start of the infusion, a laser light at 689 nm was delivered at an intensity of 600 mW/cm(2) over 83 seconds to give a light dose of 50 J/cm(2) to a round spot size on the retina with a diameter of 1000 mum larger than the greatest linear dimension of the choroidal neovascular lesion. At follow-up examinations every 3 months, retreatment with either verteporfin or placebo (as assigned at baseline) was applied to areas of fluorescein leakage if present.
Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was the proportion of eyes at the follow-up examination 12 months after study entry with fewer than eight letters (approximately 1.5 lines) of visual acuity lost, adhering to an intent-to-treat analysis.
Results: At baseline, move than 90% of each group had evidence of classic CNV (regardless of whether occult CNV was present) and only 12 (15%) and 5 (13%) cases in the verteporfin and placebo groups, respectively, had occult CNV (regardless of whether classic CNV was present). Seventy-nine of the 81 verteporfin-treated patients (98%) compared with 36 of the 39 placebo-treated patients (92%) completed the month 12 examination. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and fluorescein angiographic outcomes were better in the verteporfin-treated eyes than in the placebo-treated eyes at every follow-up examination through the month 12 examination. At the month 12 examination, 58 (72%) of the verteporfin-treated patients compared with 17 (44%) of the placebo-treated patients lost fewer than eight letters (P < 0.01), including 26 (32%) versus 6 (15%) improving at least five letters (<greater than or equal to>1 line). Seventy (86%) of the verteporfin-treated patients compared with 26 (67%) of the placebo-treated patients lost fewer than 15 letters (P = 0.01), Few ocular or other systemic adverse events were associated with verteporfin therapy compared with placebo treatment.
Conclusions: Because photodynamic therapy with verteporfin can safely increase the chance of stabilizing or improving vision in patients with subfoveal CNV from pathologic myopia compared with a placebo, we recommend ophthalmologists consider verteporfin therapy for treatment of such patients. Ophthalmology 2001; 108:841-852 (C) 2001 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.},
   ISSN = {0161-6420},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000168315500020},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{VIP,
   author = {VIP Study group},
   title = {Photodynamic Therapy of Subfoveal Choroidal Neovascularization in Pathologic Myopia with Verteporfin: One-Year Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial - VIP Report #1.},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {108},
   pages = {841-852},
   year = {2001}
}

@article{Birngruber2001,
   author = {TAP, Study group},
   title = {Photodynamic Therapy of Subfovieal Choroidal Neovascularization in Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Verteporfin - Two-Year Results of 2 Randomized Clinical Trials, TAP Report 2},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {119},
   pages = {198-207},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider2001,
   author = {Roider, J; Brinkmann, R, Framme, C; Schule, G, Joachimeyer, E; Wirbelauer, C; Kracht, D, Laqua, H and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Selective RPE laser treatment in macular diseases: Clinical results.},
   journal = {Invest Ophthal & VisScie},
   
   pages = {S695-S695},
   note = {Suppl. S
427EP
3741
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000168392103704},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Nahen2001,
   author = {Nahen, K. and Vogel, Alfred},
   title = {Shielding by the ablation plume during Er:YAG laser ablation},
   journal = {SPIE Proc.},
   volume = {4257},
   pages = {303-311},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Miura2001,
   author = {Obana, A and Gohto, Y and Wada, S and Miura, Y and Miki, T and Chou, A},
   title = {Surgical outcomes in removal of epimacular membranes},
   journal = { Journal of ophthalmic surgery},
   volume = {14},
   number = {2},
   pages = {253-256},
   abstract = {Removal of epiretinal membrane of the macula was performed in 49 eyes of 48 consecutive patients, and visual prognosis was analyzed retrospectively. Best-corrected visual acuity improved in 32 eyes (65%), and was unchanged in 17 eyes (35%). Metamorphopsia improved in 27 eyes (60%), and was unchanged in 18 eyes (40%). Eyes having proliferative tissue on the retinal surface after removal of epiretinal membrane showed significantly poorer improvement of metamorphopsia than those having a smooth retinal surface. However, duration of visual disturbance before surgery and preoperative visual acuity were not associated with the outcome of the metamorphopsia. Intentional peeling of the internal-limiting membrane was performed after removal of the epiretinal membrane in 17 of 40 eyes with idiopathic epiretinal membrane, and the effect of this procedure on improvement of metamorphopsia was evaluated. Internal-limiting membrane peeling did not influence the rate of improvement of metamorphopsia, however, its efficacy and safety remain to be determined in larger case series. (author abst.)},
   year = {2001}
}

@article{Schneider-Brachert2001,
   author = {Schneider-Brachert, W. and Birngruber, R. and Linde, H. J. and Miehlke, S. and Bayerdorffer, E. and Lehn, N.},
   title = {Susceptibility of clinical ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates of Helicobacter pylori to new fluoroquinolones},
   journal = {Gut},
   volume = {49},
   pages = {A96-A96},
   note = {Suppl. 2
476NB
1553
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0017-5749},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000171232500340},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-erfurth2001,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. M. and Niemeyer, M. and Michels, S. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Three-dimensional imaging of dynamic and structural vascular changes induced by photodynamic therapy.},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {42},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S512-S512},
   note = {Suppl. S
427EP
2760
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000168392102729},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth2001,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Teschner, S. and Noack, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Three-dimensional topographic angiography in chorioretinal vascular disease},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {42},
   number = {10},
   pages = {2386-2394},
   note = {469FL
Times Cited:11
Cited References Count:31},
   abstract = {PURPOSE. To evaluate a new angiographic technique that offers three-dimensional imaging of chorioretinal vascular diseases.
METHODS. Fluorescein (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) were performed using. a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Tomographic series with 32 images per set were taken over a depth of 4 min at an image frequency of 20 Hz. An axial analysis was performed for each x/y position to determine the fluorescence distribution along, the z-axis. The location of the onset of fluorescence at a defined threshold intensity was identified and a depth profile was generated. The overall results of fluorescence topography were displayed in a gray scale-coded image and three-dimensional relief.
RESULTS. Topographic angiography delineated the choriocapillary surface covering.. the posterior pole with exposed larger retinal vessels. Superficial masking of fluorescence by hemorrhage or absorbing fluid did not preclude detection of underlying diseases. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) appeared as a vascular formation with distinct configuration and prominence. Chorioretinal infiltrates exhibited perfusion defects with dye pooling. Retinal pigment epithelium detachments (PEDs) demonstrated dynamic filling mechanisms. Intraretinal extravasation in retinal vascular disease was, detected within a well-demarcated area with prominent retinal thickening.
CONCLUSIONS. Confocal topographic angiography allows high-resolution three-dimensional imaging, of chorioretinal vascular and exudative diseases. Structural vascular changes (e.g., proliferation) are detected in respect to location and size. Dynamic processes (e.g., perfusion defects, extravasation, and barrier dysfunction) are clearly identified and may be quantified. Topographic angiography is a promising technique in the diagnosis, therapeutic evaluation, and pathophysiological evaluation of macular disease.},
   keywords = {indocyanine green angiography
scanning laser ophthalmoscope
occult choroidal neovascularization
optical coherence tomography
cystoid macular edema
fluorescein angiography
fundus camera
in-vivo
videoangiography
degeneration},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000170803900032},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wirbelauer2001,
   author = {Wirbelauer, C. and Scholz, C. and Hoerauf, H. and Bastian, G. O. and Engelhardt, R. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Untersuchungen der Hornhaut mittels optischer Kohärenztomographie.},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {98},
   pages = {151-156},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{VIP,
   author = {VIP Study group},
   title = {Verteporfin therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration: two year results of a randomized clinical trail including lesions with occult with no classic choroidal neovascularization - Verteporfin In Photodynamic Therapy, Report #2},
   journal = {Am J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {131},
   pages = {541-560},
   year = {2001}
}

@article{Miura2001,
   author = {Obana, A and Goto, Y and Miura, Y and Wada, S and Miki, T},
   title = {Clinical findings and courses of age-related maculopathy.},
   journal = {Japanese Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology},
   volume = {55},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1229-1234},
   year = {2001}
}

@Article{HU_2000_Huber_a,
  Title                    = {{The Role of Surface States in the Ultrafast Photoinduced Electron Transfer from Sensitizing Dye Molecules to Semiconductor Colloids}},
  Author                   = {Huber, Robert and Sp\"{o}rlein, Sebastian and Moser, Jacques E and Gr\"{a}tzel, Michael and Wachtveitl, Josef},
  Journal                  = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry B},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {38},
  Pages                    = {8995--9003},
  Volume                   = {104},
keywords = {AG-Huber},

  Doi                      = {10.1021/jp9944381},
  ISSN                     = {1520-6106},
  Publisher                = {American Chemical Society},
  Url                      = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp9944381}
}

@article{Roider2000,
   author = {Roider, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Patenting medical procedures - Reply},
   journal = {Archives of Ophthalmology},
   volume = {118},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1140-1140},
   note = {343KZ
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0003-9950},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000088702700026},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann2000-1,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Huttmann, G. and Rogener, J. and Roider, J. and Birngruber, R. and Lin, C. P.},
   title = {Origin of retinal pigment epithelium cell damage by pulsed laser irradiance in the nanosecond to microsecond time regimen},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {27(5)},
   Year = { 2000},
url = { https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227934019_Origin_of_retinal_pigment_epithelium_cell_damage_by_pulsed_laser_irradiance_in_the_nanosecond_to_microsecond_time_regimen},
   pages = {451-64},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
In Vitro
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Selective photodamage of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a new technique to treat a variety of retinal diseases without causing adverse effects to surrounding tissues such as the neural retina including the photoreceptors and the choroid. In this study, the mechanism of cell damage after laser irradiation was investigated. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Single porcine RPE-melanosomes and RPE cells were irradiated with a Nd:YLF laser (wavelength lambda = 527 nm, adjustable pulse duration tau = 250 nsec-3 microsec) and a Nd:YAG laser (lambda = 532 nm, tau = 8 nsec). Fast flash photography was applied to observe vaporization at melanosomes in suspension. A fluorescence viability assay was used to probe the cells vitality. RESULTS: The threshold radiant exposures for vaporization around individual melanosomes and for ED50 cell damage are similar at 8-nsec pulse duration. Both thresholds increase with pulse duration; however, the ED50 cell damage radiant exposure is 40% lower at 3 microsec. Temperature calculations to model the onset of vaporization around the melanosomes are in good agreement with the experimental results when assuming a surface temperature of 150 degrees C to initiate vaporization and a homogeneous melanosome absorption coefficient of 8,000 cm(-1). Increasing the number of pulses delivered to RPE cells at a repetition rate of 500 Hz, the ED50 value }
}

@article{Brinkmann2000,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Radt, B. and Flamm, C. and Kampmeier, J. and Koop, N. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Influence of temperature and time on thermally induced forces in corneal collagen and the effect on laser thermokeratoplasty},
   journal = {J Cataract Refract Surg},
   volume = {26(5)},
   Year = {2000},
   pages = {744-54},
   note = {0886-3350 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To investigate thermomechanical aspects of corneal collagen denaturation as a function of temperature and time and the effect of the induced forces on refractive changes with laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK). SETTING: Medical Laser Center Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany. METHODS: In a material-test setup, porcine corneal strips were denatured in paraffin oil at various constant temperatures for 10 and 500 seconds, and the temporal course of the contractive forces was studied under isometric conditions. Typical LTK lesions were performed in porcine eyes in vitro with a continuous-wave infrared laser diode at a wavelength of 1.87 microm for 10 and 60 seconds. The laser power was chosen to achieve comparable denatured volumes at both irradiation times. The refractive changes were measured and analyzed by histologic evaluations and temperature calculations. RESULTS: The time course of the induced forces was characterized by a maximal force, which increased almost linearly with temperature, and a residual lower force. After 500 seconds of heating, the highest force was achieved with a temperature of 75 degrees C. With a limited heating period of only 10 seconds, the forces steadily increased with temperature over the entire observation period. Laser thermokeratoplasty produced less refractive change after 10 seconds of irradiation than after 60 seconds, although the laser power was 25% higher in the short heating period. Polarization light microscopy of LTK lesions revealed different stages of thermal damage. CONCLUSION: The course of the contractive forces during and after heating is a complicated function of the spatial time/temperature profile. Laser thermokeratoplasty lesions produced with 2 irradiation times showed different stages of denaturation and induced refractive change.},
   keywords = {Animals
Body Temperature
Collagen/*metabolism
Cornea/metabolism/pathology/*surgery
*Laser Coagulation
Microscopy, Polarization
Protein Denaturation
Swine
Time Factors},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10831907},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider,
   author = {Roider, J. and Brinkmann, R. and Wirbelauer, C. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Subthreshold (retinal pigment epithelium) photocoagulation in macular diseases: a pilot study},
   journal = {Br J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {84},
   number = {1},
   pages = {40-7},
   note = {0007-1161 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Subthreshold (retinal pigment epithelium) photocoagulation is a new photocoagulation method, which treats the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and avoids damage to the neural retina. The initial results in this prospective pilot study on various macular diseases are presented. METHODS: 12 patients with diabetic maculopathy (group I), 10 with soft drusen (group II), and four with central serous retinopathy (CSR) (group III) were treated and followed up for 1 year. Treatment was achieved using a train of repetitive short laser pulses (1.7 micros) of a green Nd:YLF laser (parameters: 527 nm, 100 and 500 pulses, repetition rate: 500 Hz, spot size: 160 microm, energies: 70-100 microJ). Laser energy was based on the visibility of test lesions on fluorescein angiography (50-130 microJ). Patients were examined at various times by ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein and ICG angiography, and infrared imaging. RESULTS: After 6 months hard exudates disappeared in six out of nine patients in group I and leakage disappeared in six out of 12 diabetic patients. In group II drusen were less in seven out of 10 patients. In group III serous detachment disappeared in three out of four cases. Visual acuity was stable in all cases. None of the laser lesions was clinically visible immediately. After 1 day most lesions were visible as yellowish RPE depigmentation. After 3 months some of the lesions were visible as hyperpigmented areas but most were not. Fluorescein angiography showed leakage only in the first week. Infrared imaging showed that most lesions can be visualised in groups I and II after a period longer than 1 week as hyperreflective areas. CONCLUSION: This study showed that subthreshold (RPE) photocoagulation is effective in some cases of diabetic maculopathy, drusens, and in CSR. Visibility of laser burns is not always necessary in the treatment of macular diseases presented here. Infrared imaging is an effective and non-invasive way of visualising subthreshold (RPE) laser burns.},
   keywords = {Aged
Diabetic Retinopathy/surgery
Female
Fluorescein Angiography
Follow-Up Studies
Fundus Oculi
Humans
*Laser Coagulation
Macular Degeneration/pathology/*surgery
Male
Middle Aged
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/*surgery
Pilot Projects
Prospective Studies
Retinal Drusen/surgery
Treatment Outcome},
   year = {2000}
}

@article{Hoerauf2000,
   author = {Hoerauf, H. and Wirbelauer, C. and Scholz, C. and Engelhardt, R. and Koch, P. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment},
   journal = {Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology},
   volume = {238},
   number = {1},
   pages = {8-18},
   note = {282FC
Times Cited:77
Cited References Count:19},
   abstract = {Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic potential of a slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography (OCT) system as an in vivo imaging device for routine clinical examination of the anterior segment of the eve.
Patients and methods: In a pilot study, healthy volunteers and patients with different pathologies of the anterior segment were examined with a slit-lamp-adapted OCT system using 100-200 axial scans with 100-Hz line-scan frequency. The scan length is variable up to 7 mm, and the axial depth is 1.5 mm in tissue.
Results: The slit-lamp-adapted OCT system allowed direct biomicroscopic imaging of the measured area. Anatomic structures and morphological changes anterior to the attenuating iris pigment epithelium could be visualized with high accuracy, Biometric analyses of the cornea, the chamber angle, the iris and secondary cataract were possible. Complete demonstration of the chamber angle was difficult clue to the backscattering properties of the anterior part of the sclera and the consequent shadowing of the most peripheral part of the iris.
Conclusions: Slit-lamp-adapted OCT is a diagnostic tool which allows in vivo microscopic cross-sectional imaging of the anterior segment and precise measurement of ocular structures.},
   keywords = {in-vivo
nerve
eye},
   ISSN = {0721-832X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s004170050002},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000085205300002},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber2000,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Photodynamische Therapie der altersbedingten Makuladegeneration - Nichtthermische Laserbestrahlung aktiviert einen hochselektiven Photosensibilisator},
   journal = {LaserOpto},
   volume = {32},
   pages = {66-70},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider2000,
   author = {Roider, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Patenting medical procedures},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {118},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1140},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Journal article},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10922219},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schüle,
   author = {Schüle, G. and Hüttmann, G. and Roider, J. and Wirbelauer, C. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {Optoacoustic measurements during µs-irradiation of the retinal pigment epithelium},
   journal = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {3914A},
   year = {2000}
}

@article{Hüttmann,
   author = {Hüttmann, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laserinduzierte thermische Gewebseffekte mit mikroskopischer und makromolekularer Präzision},
   journal = {Z Med Phys},
   volume = {10},
   pages = {169-174},
   year = {2000}
}

@article{Hüttmann,
   author = {Hüttmann, G. and Radt, B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laserinduzierte Mikro- und Nanoeffekte - Von der selektiven Thermolyse zu molekularen Nanoeffekten},
   journal = {LaserOpto},
   volume = {32},
   pages = {47-55},
   year = {2000}
}

@article{Hoerauf,
   author = {Hoerauf, H. and Gordes, R. S. and Scholz, C. and Wirbelauer, C. and Koch, P. and Engelhardt, R. and Winkler, J. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {First experimental and clinical results with transscleral optical coherence tomography},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Surg Lasers},
   volume = {31},
   number = {3},
   pages = {218-22},
   note = {Hoerauf, H
Gordes, R S
Scholz, C
Wirbelauer, C
Koch, P
Engelhardt, R
Winkler, J
Laqua, H
Birngruber, R
Comparative Study
United states
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 2000 May-Jun;31(3):218-22.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potentials of optical coherence tomagraphy (OCT) using long wavelength to penetrate highly scattering tissues of the eye and visualize the anterior chamber angle and the ciliary body. METHODS: OCT images were generated by an experimental prototype in enucleated porcine eyes using as light source a superluminiscent diode with a wavelength of 1310 nm and a scan frequency of 60 Hz. The number of lateral scans was variable in a range from 100 to 400. RESULTS: Infrared OCT was able to penetrate the sclera. The anterior chamber angle could be visualized completely and the ciliary body could be identified. However, it was not possible to penetrate the highly reflective iris pigment epithelium. CONCLUSION: The use of infrared OCT allows penetration of the sclera, thus, providing complete visualization of the anterior chamber angle and limited demonstration of the ciliary body. Because of its higher resolution, it may represent an interesting noninvasive alternative to ultrasound biomicroscopy.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anterior Chamber/ anatomy & histology
Ciliary Body/ anatomy & histology
Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
Humans
Interferometry
Iris/ anatomy & histology
Light
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/cytology
Reference Values
Sclera
Swine
Tomography/ methods},
   year = { 2000}
}

@article{Wirbelauer,
   author = {Wirbelauer, C. and Scholz, C. and Hoerauf, H. and Engelhardt, R. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Corneal optical coherence tomography before and immediately after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy},
   journal = {Am J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {130},
   number = {6},
   pages = {693-9},
year ={ 2000},
url = { https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002939400006024},
   note = {0002-9394 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To investigate the representation of the corneal structure with optical coherence tomography before and immediately after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. METHODS: Twenty-four eyes of 24 patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism were prospectively studied. The corneal thickness and the corneal profile were assessed with slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography preoperatively and immediately after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. RESULTS: The attempted mean spherical equivalent of the refractive corrections was -6.7 +/- 3.6 (mean +/- SD) diopters with a mean calculated stromal ablation depth of 91 +/- 38 microm. The corneal optical coherence tomography was reproducible in all patients, demonstrating a mean decrease of central corneal thickness after epithelial debridement and excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy of 118 +/- 45 microm. The comparison of the calculated stromal ablation depth and the corneal thickness changes determined by corneal optical coherence tomography revealed a significant linear relationship with a correlation coefficient of 0.88 (P <.001). The flattening of the corneal curvature was confirmed in all patients with the optical coherence tomography system and correlated with the attempted refractive correction (r =.82, P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: The slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography system presented in this study allowed noncontact, cross-sectional, and high-resolution imaging of the corneal configuration. This initial clinical evaluation demonstrated that corneal optical coherence tomography could be a promising diagnostic modality to monitor corneal changes of thickness and curvature before and after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy.},
   keywords = {Adult
Astigmatism/*diagnosis/surgery
Cornea/*pathology/surgery
*Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
Female
Humans
Interferometry
*Keratectomy, Photorefractive, Excimer Laser
Male
Middle Aged
Myopia/*diagnosis/surgery
Prospective Studies
Refraction, Ocular
Reproducibility of Results
Sound
}
}

@article{Hoerauf2000,
   author = {Hoerauf, H. and Gordes, R. and Scholz, C. and Koch, P. and Engelhardt, R. and Wirbelauer, C. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {First experimental and clinical results of transscleral OCT},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {41},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S786-S786},
   note = {Suppl. S
300HF
4171B118
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000086246704240},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Teschner2000,
   author = {Teschner, S. and Noack, J. and Birngruber, R. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U.},
   title = {Documentation of perfusion and leakage characteristics in age-related macular degeneration by dynamic topographic angiography},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {41},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S170-S170},
   note = {Suppl. S
300HF
882b257
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000086246700881},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Meyer2000,
   author = {Meyer, C. and Hoerauf, H. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Roider, J. and Scholz, C. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Correlation of morphologic changes between optical coherence tomography and topographic angiography in a case of gyrate atrophy},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {97},
   number = {1},
   pages = {41-46},
   note = {283HG
Times Cited:5
Cited References Count:10},
   abstract = {Purpose:To characterize ultrastrructual changes in atrophic disease of the retina, RPE and choroid as seen with gyrate atrophy using two new diagnostic modalities, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and topographic angiography.
Patient and method: OCT images were taken in a patient with pericentral choroidal atrophy using a slit-lamp-adapted OCT system. Ophthalmoscopy, conventional and topographic angiographic findings were correlated to the reflectivity changes as seen an OCT.
Results:Areas of chorioretinal atrophy correlated with a loss of reflectivity in the RPE-choriocapillaris complex on OCT. Additionally OCT identified a thinning of the nerve fiber layer. Topographic angiography demonstrated an extensive defect, seen as an area of depression, consistent with a loss of choriocapillaris and larger-sized choroidal vessels. In contrast to conventional angiography, central islands were not found to demonstrate structural intensity, while the midperipheral surrounding area was clearly elevated to physiological levels.
Conclusion: OCT and topographic angiography provide in vivo insight into morphologic changes within neurosensory retina and choroid caused by pericentral choroidal atrophy.},
   keywords = {optical coherence tomography
topographic aniography
pericentral choroidal atrophy
ornithine},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470050009},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000085269900009},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Sickenberg,
   author = {Sickenberg, M. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Miller, J. W. and Pournaras, C. J. and Zografos, L. and Piguet, B. and Donati, G. and Laqua, H. and Barbazetto, I. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Lane, A. M. and Birngruber, R. and van den Bergh, H. and Strong, H. A. and Manjuris, U. and Gray, T. and Fsadni, M. and Bressler, N. M.},
   title = {A preliminary study of photodynamic therapy using verteporfin for choroidal neovascularization in pathologic myopia, ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, angioid streaks, and idiopathic causes},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {118},
   number = {3},
   pages = {327-36},
year = { 2000},
url = { https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/412940},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Case Reports
Clinical Trial
Clinical Trial, Phase I
Clinical Trial, Phase II
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate short-term safety and the effects on visual acuity and fluorescein angiography of single or multiple sessions of photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) not related to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), including pathologic myopia, the ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, angioid streaks, and idiopathic causes. DESIGN: A nonrandomized, multicenter, open-label, dose-escalation phase 1 and 2 clinical trial. SETTING: Four ophthalmic centers in Europe and North America providing retinal care. PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen patients with subfoveal CNV due to pathologic myopia, the ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, angioid streaks, or idiopathic causes. METHODS: Standardized protocol refraction, visual acuity testing, ophthalmic examinations, color photographs, and fluorescein angiograms were used to evaluate the results of photodynamic therapy treatments with verteporfin. Follow-up ranged from 12 weeks for patients who were treated once to 43 weeks for patients who were treated up to 4 times. RESULTS: Verteporfin therapy was well tolerated in patients with CNV not related to AMD. No deterioration in visual acuity was observed; most patients gained at least 1 line of vision. Reduction in the size of leakage area from classic CNV was noted in all patients as early as 1 week after verteporfin therapy, with complete absence of leakage from classic CNV in almost half of the patients. Improvement in visual acuity after verteporfin therapy was greatest (+6, +8, and +9 lines) in 3 patients with relatively poor initial visual acuity (between 20/200 and 20/800). Up to 4 treatments were found to have short-term safety even with retreatment intervals as short as 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of CNV not related to AMD with verteporfin therapy achieves short-term cessation of fluorescein leakage from CNV in a small number of patients without loss of vision. Further randomized clinical trials including a larger number of patients are under way to confirm whether verteporfin therapy is beneficial for subfoveal CNV not related to AMD.},
   keywords = {Adult}
}

@article{Nahen2000,
   author = {Nahen, Kester and Eisenbeiß, Werner and Vogel, Alfred},
   title = {Akustische Online-Kontrolle der Er: YAG Laserablation verbrannter Haut},
   journal = {Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering},
   volume = {45},
   number = {s1},
   pages = {300-301},
   ISSN = {1862-278X},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber2000,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Teschner, S. and Noack, J.},
   title = {Confocal laser scanning fluorescence topography: a new method for three-dimensional functional imaging of vascular structures},
   journal = {Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology},
   volume = {238},
   number = {7},
   pages = {559-565},
   note = {341NG
Times Cited:10
Cited References Count:16},
   abstract = {Three-dimensional topography of perfused vascular structures is possible via confocal laser scanning of intravascular fluorescence. The lateral resolution is given by the spot size of the scanning laser beam (optimally 10 mu m at the retina). The axial resolution, however, depends on the accuracy of detection of the surface of the fluorescent structure, which is typically one order of magnitude higher (30 mu m at the retina) than the confocal resolution. The vascular structure is stained with an appropriate fluorescent dye prior to the investigation using standard systemic dye injection. Confocal scanning of the fluorescence in planes of different depths within the vascular structure under investigation leads to a three-dimensional data set. Signal processing in eludes passive eye tracking, lateral averaging and axial determination of the surface of the fluorescent structure. The potential of this new technique is demonstrated by showing the topography of physiological vessel structures as well as of selected vascular diseases such as cone dystrophy, RPE detachment, choroidal haemangioma and retinal laser coagulation. Confocal laser angioscopic fluorescence topography (CLAFT) measures the three-dimensional surface structure of functional (perfused) vasculature and surrounding leakage. CLAFT may help to diagnose and quantify status and time course of vascular diseases.},
   keywords = {in-vivo
ophthalmoscope
therapy},
   ISSN = {0721-832X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s004179900059},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000088596000003},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wirbelauer2000,
   author = {Wirbelauer, C. and Koop, N. and Tuengler, A. and Geerling, G. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {Corneal endothelial cell damage after experimental diode laser thermal keratoplasty},
   journal = {J Refract Surg},
   volume = {16},
   number = {3},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034040252&origin=inward&txGid=6e537773e3e3f14b9b83f939c4a9ce7d},
   pages = {323-9},
   note = {Wirbelauer, C
Koop, N
Tuengler, A
Geerling, G
Birngruber, R
Laqua, H
Brinkmann, R
Journal Article
United States
J Refract Surg. 2000 May-Jun;16(3):323-9.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety of diode laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK) with respect to corneal endothelial cell damage. METHODS: In an in vitro animal model system, porcine eyes were irradiated with a continuously emitting laser diode at wavelengths (lambda) of 1.85 or 1.87 microm, corresponding to an absorption coefficient (micro(a)) of 1.1 or 2.0 mm(-1). Different irradiation and application parameters were tested serially. To determine the temperature threshold for endothelial damage, corneal buttons were analyzed separately in a waterbath experiment. The endothelial damage was assessed after trypan blue and alizarin red supravital staining under light microscopy. RESULTS: The thresholds for the 50% probability of thermal damage (ED50) were determined at corneal temperatures of 65 degrees C for a 10-second water-bath immersion, and 59 degrees C for 60 seconds. Coagulations that reached the deeper stromal layers revealed severe endothelial cellular alterations and areas of exposed Descemet's membrane. The thermally induced changes were dependent on laser power and the absorption coefficient (wavelength). Mean diameter of total endothelial cell damage was 245 +/- 154 microm (range, 0 to 594 microm) for an absorption coefficient of 1.1 mm(-1). The maximal lateral extent of endothelial cell damage induced by the laser exposure was 594 microm in diameter. Increasing the absorption coefficient decreased the penetration depth of the laser irradiation, creating a greater temperature rise within the corneal stroma and significantly less endothelial damage (P < .01), when the same laser power was applied. The calculated total area of damage for the paracentral human corneal endothelium ranged from 1.8% to 13.6%. CONCLUSION: Data obtained in this in vitro study were transferred to an endothelial cell damage nomogram, demonstrating that appropriate parameter improvements can minimize the adverse effects to the corneal endothelium. However, model adjustment to the human cornea indicates the potential for endothelial cell damage after diode laser thermal keratoplasty, and should be considered when performing this elective procedure.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anthraquinones
Cell Count
Cell Survival
Corneal Diseases/*etiology/pathology
Corneal Stroma/*surgery
Endothelium, Corneal/*pathology
Laser Coagulation/*adverse effects/methods
Necrosis
Safety
Swine
Trypan Blue},
   ISSN = {1081-597X (Print)
1081-597x},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Kampmeier-2000,
   author = {Kampmeier, J. and Radt, B. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {Thermal and biomechanical parameters of porcine cornea},
   journal = {Cornea},
   volume = {19(3)},
   year = { 2000},
url = { https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12484883_Thermal_and_Biomechanical_Parameters_of_Porcine_Cornea},
   pages = {355-63},
   note = {0277-3740 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: New methods in refractive surgery require a considerable understanding of the material "cornea" and are often studied by theoretical modeling in order to gain insight into the procedure and an optimized approach to the technique. The quality of these models is highly dependent on the preciseness of its input parameters. Porcine cornea often is used as a model in preclinical studies because of its similarity to man and its availability. METHODS: The important physical parameters for biomechanical deformation, heat conduction, and collagen denaturation kinetics have been determined for porcine cornea. Experimental methods include densitometry, calorimetry, turbidimetry, tensile tests, stress relaxation, and hydrothermal isometric tension measurements. RESULTS: The density of porcine cornea was measured as p = 1062+/-5 kg/m3, the heat capacity gave c = 3.74+/-0.05 J/gK. The stress-strain relation for corneal strips is represented by a third order approximation where the secant modulus yields about Esec approximately equal to 0.4 MPa for small strains less than 2%. The normalized stress relaxation is described by an exponential fit over time. The denaturation process of cornea is characterized by specific temperatures which can be related to the change of the mechanical properties. Denaturation kinetics are described according to the model of Arrhenius yielding the activation energy deltaEa = 106 kJ/mol and the phase transition entropy deltaS = 39 J/(mol x K). CONCLUSIONS: The established set of parameters characterizes the porcine cornea in a reliable way that creates a basis for corneal models. It furthermore gives direct hints of how to treat cornea in certain refractive techniques.},
   keywords = {Animals}
}

@article{Geerling1999,
   author = {Geerling, G. and Koop, N. and Brinkmann, R. and Tungler, A. and Wirbelauer, C. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Continuous-wave diode laser thermokeratoplasty: first clinical experience in blind human eyes},
   journal = {J Cataract Refract Surg},
   volume = {25},
   number = {1},
   pages = {32-40},
   note = {0886-3350 (Print)
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and stability of laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) with a continuous-wave diode laser in blind human eyes and to optimize parameters for a study in sighted eyes. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University Lubeck, Germany. METHODS: A continuous-wave diode laser was set to emit radiation with a wavelength of 1.854 microns (Group 1, n = 4) or 1.870 microns (Group 2, n = 4) and 100 to 150 mW power for 10 seconds. A focusing handpiece was coupled with an application mask and fixed by partial vacuum to the conjunctiva or cornea. The radiation was focused into the corneal stroma between 400 and 600 microns in Group 1 and set to 1000 microns in Group 2. Eight (Group 1, single ring) or 16 (Group 2, double ring) coagulations were applied. RESULTS: The refractive change increased with higher laser power and smaller ring diameters. Two rings of coagulations provided higher and more stable refractive changes of up to 5.66 diopters (D) than a single ring. The refractive effect stabilized between 3 and 6 months postoperatively. At 1 year, mean refractive change was +0.99 D +/- 0.39 (SD) in Group 1 and +2.32 +/- 2.24 D in Group 2. Extensive endothelial damage occurred in Group 1 but was minimal in Group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Diode LTK was used to treat hyperopia safely and effectively. Regression occurred mainly in the first 3 postoperative months. With a wavelength of 1.870 microns, corneal endothelial damage was limited.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Blindness/*complications
Corneal Stroma/pathology/physiopathology/*surgery
Corneal Topography
Female
Humans
Hyperopia/pathology/physiopathology/*surgery
Laser Coagulation/adverse effects/*methods
Male
Middle Aged
Postoperative Complications
Safety},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9888074},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1999,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Noack, J. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U.},
   title = {Confocal laserscanning fluorescence topography of chorioretinal vascular structures},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {40},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S571-S571},
   note = {178MF
3007
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000079269203007},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Noack, J. and Teschner, S. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Confocal indocyanine green angiography with 3-dimensional topography. Results in choroid neovascularization (CNV)]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {96},
   number = {12},
   pages = {797-804},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   month = {Dec},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Confocal indocyanin green angiography (ICGA) offers detailed two-dimensional imaging of choroidal pathologies. However, the spatial extension of lesions is not reproduced. We developed a novel method for three-dimensional documentation of choroidal vascular abnormalities. METHODS: Focal series were performed using a laser scanning ophthalmoscope (Heidelberg Retina Angiograph). Thirty-two images within a distance of 4 mm were taken at a frequency of 20 Hz. Following correction of dislocation, a surface of normalized fluorescence intensity was determined and displayed topographically. RESULTS: In physiological eyes three-dimensional ICGA demonstrates the homogeneous concavity of the choroid with prominent overlay of retinal vessels. Classic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) imposes as substantial elevation. Occult CNV are demarcated despite negative conventional ICGA due to reduction of blocking phenomena. Therapeutic interventions such as photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy and surgery induce a resolution of CNV with or without residual defects within the choroidal pattern. CONCLUSION: Topographic ICGA allows for the first time in-vivo representation of prominence and depth of vascularized pathologies and provides a tool for improved diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation.},
   keywords = {Choroidal Neovascularization/*diagnosis
*Fluorescein Angiography
Humans
*Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
Indocyanine Green/*diagnostic use
Macular Degeneration/diagnosis
*Microscopy, Confocal
*Ophthalmoscopes
Sensitivity and Specificity},
   year = {1999}
}

@article{Hüttmann1999,
   author = {Huttmann, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {On the possibility of high-precision photothermal microeffects and the measurement of fast thermal denaturation of proteins},
   journal = {Ieee Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
   volume = {5},
   number = {4},
   pages = {954-962},
   note = {248CM
Times Cited:77
Cited References Count:43},
   abstract = {The precision of laser-induced effects is often limited by thermal and thermomechanical collateral damage. Adjusting the pulsewidth of the laser to the size of the absorbing structure can at least avoid thermal side effects and facilitates a selective treatment of vessels or pigmented cells. Further extending the precision of thermal effects below cellular dimensions by using nanometer sized particles could open up new fields of applications for lasers in medicine and biology. Calculations show that under irradiation with nano- or picosecond laser pulses gold particles of submicrometer size can easily be heated by several hundred K, High temperatures have to be used for subcellular thermal effects, because heat confinement to such small structures requires the thermal damage to occur in extremely short times. Estimating the denaturation temperature by extrapolating the Arrhenius equation from a time range of minutes and seconds into a time range of nano- and picoseconds leads to temperatures beta;een 370 K-470 K, There is evidence that in aqueous media, due to the surface tension, these temperatures can be generated at the surface of nanometer sized particles without vaporization of the surrounding water,
In order to show whether or not an extrapolation of the damage rates over six to nine orders of magnitude gives correct data, a temperature-jump experiment was designed and tested which allows to measure denaturation rates of proteins in the millisecond time range. Denaturation of chymotrypsin was observed within 300 mu s at temperatures below 380 K, The rate constants for the unfolding of chymotrypsin followed the Arrhenius equation up to rates of 3000 s(-1).},
   keywords = {laser medicine
microeffects
protein denaturation
thermal effects
assisted laser inactivation},
   ISSN = {1077-260X},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1109/2944.796317},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000083257800013},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Geerling1999,
   author = {Geerling, G. and Koop, N. and Tungler, A. and Brinkmann, R. and Wirbelauer, C. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Diode laser thermokeratoplasty. Initial clinical experiences},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {96},
   number = {5},
   pages = {306-11},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Pulsed holmium lasers are currently used to correct hyperopia by means of laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK). Series of microsecond laser pulses are applied with a high repetition rate to induce shrinkage of corneal collagen fibers. The pulsed energy application results in intrastromal temperature peaks of up to 200 degrees C. A continuously emitting laser diode can--as we demonstrated recently in an invivo study on minipigs--be used for LTK and may be of advantage because the temperature rise is more steady. The aim of this study was to examine the safety, amount, and stability of hyperopic correction of diode LTK on blind human eyes. METHODS: We used a laserdiode that was set to continuously emit light at lambda = 1.854 microns/mu a = 1.04 mm-1 (group I, n = 4) or 1.87 microns/mu a = 1.92 mm-1 (group II, n = 4). Radiation energy was 100 to 150 mW for 10 s per coagulation. Eight coagulations on a single ring (group I) and 16 coagulations on a double ring (group II) diameter were applied in the cornea concentric to the entrance pupil by means of a vacuum-fixed application mask (group I = conjunctival fixation; group II = corneal fixation) and a handpiece with a focusing optic. Preoperatively as well as 1 week, 1, 2, 3, 6 12 and 18 months postoperative ophthalmologic controls were performed and the corneal refractive power was measured. RESULTS: In group I initial refractive changes of up to +4.9 D were achieved (1 week postoperative). However, due to the great penetration depth of the laser irradiation, large endothelial defects resulted beneath the stromal coagulations. In group II an initial refractive change of up to +6.8 D was achieved and as a result of the reduced penetration depth, the endothelial cell damage was much reduced. Partial regression of the refractive effect occurred in all subjects, which continued in higher refractive changes during the 2nd postoperative year. The refractive effect at 12 months was +0.6 to +1.5 D in group I and +0.9 to +5.7 D in group II. At 12 months the induced astigmatism was 0.5 to 2.2 D in group I and 0.3 to 1.6 D in group II. No serious adverse effects were noticed. CONCLUSION: A continously emitting laser diode working at a wavelength of 1.87 microns can be used to correct hyperopia by means of LTK safely and effectively. Regression occurs predominantly in the first 6 postoperative months. Further studies must be conducted to determine the importance of patient inherent parameters such as age in establishing a nomogram.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Blindness/*surgery
Corneal Topography
English Abstract
Equipment Safety
Female
Human
Hyperopia/*surgery
Keratectomy, Photorefractive, Excimer Laser/*instrumentation
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Male
Middle Age
Postoperative Complications/etiology
Refraction, Ocular
Temperature},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann-1999,
   author = {Theisen, D.;Brendel, T.;Birngrub.R and Brinkman, R},
   title = {Endokardiale Laser Revaskularisation des Myokards mittels 20 J Einzelpuls Holmium Laserstrahlung},
   journal = {Laser-Medizin: eine interdisziplinäre Zeitschrift ; Praxis, Klinik, Forschung},
   volume = {14},
   number = {4},
   pages = {125 - 128},
   ISSN = {0938-765X},
   DOI = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0938-765X(99)80019-4},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J. and Nahen, K. and Theisen, D. and Busch, S. and Parlitz, U. and Hammer, D.X. and Noojin, G. D. and Rockwell, B.A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Energy balance of optical breakdown in water at nanosecond to femtosecond time scales},
   journal = {Appl Phys B},
   volume = {68},
   number = {271-280},
   year = {1999}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Nahen, K. and Theisen-Kunde, D. and Birngruber, R. and Thomas, J. and Rockwell, B.A.},
   title = {Influence of optical aberrations on laser-induced plasma formation in water, and their consequences for intraocular photodisruption},
   journal = {Appl Optics},
   volume = {38},
   number = {16},
   pages = {3636-3643},
   year = {1999}
}

@article{Nahen,
   author = {Nahen, K. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Investigations on Acoustic On- Line Monitoring of IR Laser Ablation of burned Skin},
   journal = {Laser in Surgery and Medicine},
   volume = {25},
   pages = {69-78},
   year = {1999}
}

@article{Noack,
   author = {Noack, J. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Laser-induced plasma formation in water at nanosecond to femtosecond time scales: calculation of thresholds, absorption coefficients, and energy density},
   journal = {Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of},
   volume = {35},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1156-1167},
   keywords = {absorption coefficients
electron density
high-speed optical techniques
multiphoton processes
photoionisation
plasma density
plasma production by laser
plasma theory
water
H<sub>2</sub>O
absorption coefficient
breakdown threshold
cascade ionization
collision losses
complex pulse duration dependence
decreasing laser pulse duration
distilled water
energy density
energy threshold
femtosecond time scales
free electron density
free electrons
high-power laser pulses
laser pulse
laser-induced plasma formation
multiphoton ionization
multiphoton ionization gains
nanosecond laser pulses
nanosecond time scales
numerical solution
plasma absorption coefficient
plasma energy density
plasma generation
plasma transmission
pulse durations
quantitative agreement
rate equation
recombination losses
thresholds},
   year = {1999}
}

@article{Roider1999,
   author = {Roider, J. and Buesgen, P. and Hoerauf, H. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Macular injury by a military range finder},
   journal = {Retina-the Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases},
   volume = {19},
   number = {6},
   pages = {531-535},
   note = {403KZ
Times Cited:11
Cited References Count:18},
   abstract = {Objective: The authors report the clinical findings of a civilian patient who unintentionally looked into the laser beam of a military range finder. Detailed information on the range finder is given. The objective is to illustrate the potential danger of such devices and to give detailed information on the device, the clinical findings associated with exposure, and the laser-tissue interaction mechanism.
Methods: The patient was examined with fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, microperimetry, and optical coherence tomography, both in the acute stage (2 hours) and 4 weeks later. Fluorescein angiography was performed again 4 months later. A total of 100 mg prednisone tapered over 9 days was prescribed. Additionally, 50 mug tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) and 0.5 mt pure C2F6 were injected in the vitreous.
Results: In the acute phase, hemorrhage was located beneath the retina, primarily beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. Retinal defects as seen initially over the subretinal blood were reduced after 4 weeks, but a retinal defect ranging from the lasered site toward the fovea remained. Visual acuity slightly increased from 20/100 to 20/63 after 4 weeks. Indocyanine green angiography showed a large hypofluorescent spot in the macula. Four months after the accident, a classic choroidal neovascularization developed, originating from the lasered site. The technical parameters of the range finder were: Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm), pulse duration 10 ns, beam divergence 1.5 mrad, energy 10 mJ.
Conclusion: A range finder can produce severe macular injury. The primary laser-tissue interaction mechanism seems to be explosive disruption of choroidal tissue. Intravitreal injection of TPA and C2F6 did not show a clear benefit to such laser lesions. A late complication can be secondary choroidal neovascularization.},
   keywords = {laser accident
range finder
nd : yag
tissue plasminogen activator
choroidal neovascularization
retinal injury
yag laser
neovascularization
neodymium},
   ISSN = {0275-004X},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1097/00006982-199911000-00009},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000167042200009},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hüttmann,
   author = {Hüttmann, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {On the Possibility of High-Precision Photothermal Microeffects and the Measurement of Fast thermal Denaturation of Proteins.},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {5},
   number = {4},
   pages = {954-962},
   year = {1999}
}

@article{Roider1999,
   author = {Roider, J. and Brinkmann, R. and Wirbelauer, C. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Variability of RPE reaction in two cases after selective RPE laser effects in prophylactic treatment of drusen},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {237},
   number = {1},
   pages = {45-50},
   note = {0721-832X (Print)
Case Reports
Journal Article},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The value of prophylactic photocoagulation of soft drusen is unclear. Photocoagulation is usually performed by a continuous wave laser. METHODS: We report the cases of two patients with age-related macular degeneration with soft drusen who were treated by selective retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) photocoagulation of a pulsed Nd:YLF (527 nm) laser. Laser parameters were: wavelength 527 nm, number of pulses in a train 500, pulse duration 1.7 microseconds, energy per pulse 70 microJ, spot size 160 microns, repetition rate 500 Hz. RESULTS: Dosimetry performed individually showed that in both patients laser photocoagulation was performed at the threshold of RPE disruption. None of the laser effects was visible during photocoagulation. They were detectable only by fluorescein angiography. Despite identical photocoagulation parameters the RPE reaction was completely different. In the first patient RPE hyperpigmentation was notable at most photocoagulation sites and the drusen had disappeared after 6 months. In the second patient the laser effects were not visible after 6 months by biomicroscopy and the drusen stayed unchanged. CONCLUSION: These findings could reflect different repair mechanisms of the RPE after alteration and could represent a sign of a different viable stage in the life of RPE cells. Close attention should be paid to this phenomenon in the various drusen studies currently under way.},
   keywords = {Fluorescein Angiography
Fundus Oculi
Humans
*Laser Coagulation
Macular Degeneration/complications
Middle Aged
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology/*surgery
Retinal Drusen/complications/pathology/*surgery
Visual Acuity},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9951641},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{TAP,
   author = {TAP, Study group},
   title = {Photodynamic Therapy of Subfoveal Choroidal Neovascularization in Age-related Macular Degeneration with Verteporfin - One-Year Results of 2 Randomized Clinical Trials - TAP Report 1},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {117},
   pages = {1329-1345},
   year = {1999}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Miller, J. W. and Sickenberg, M. and Laqua, H. and Barbazetto, I. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Zografos, L. and Piguet, B. and Pournaras, C. J. and Donati, G. and Lane, A. M. and Birngruber, R. and van den Berg, H. and Strong, H. A. and Manjuris, U. and Gray, T. and Fsadni, M. and Bressler, N. M.},
   title = {Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for choroidal neovascularization caused by age-related macular degeneration: results of retreatments in a phase 1 and 2 study},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {117},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1177-87},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Clinical Trial
Clinical Trial, Phase I
Clinical Trial, Phase II
Comment
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To evaluate safety and short-term visual acuity and fluorescein angiographic effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) after retreatments with verteporfin for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that demonstrated fluorescein leakage after at least 1 course of PDT. DESIGN: Nonrandomized, multicenter, open-label phase 1 and 2 clinical trial using 2 different retreatment dosage regimens. SETTING: Four ophthalmic centers in Europe and North America providing retinal care. METHODS: Standardized protocol refraction, visual acuity testing, ophthalmic examinations, color photographs, and fluorescein angiograms were used to evaluate the results of multiple PDT treatments. Two regimens (regimens 2 and 4) for treatment and retreatment were chosen from 5 used in a single-treatment study. Both regimens used a verteporfin dose of 6 mg/m2 infused for 10 minutes. However, regimen 2 used a light dose of 100 J/cm2 applied 20 minutes after the start of the verteporfin infusion, whereas regimen 4 used a light dose of 50, 75, or 100 J/cm2 applied 15 minutes after infusion commenced. Posttreatment evaluations were planned in 31 participants up to 3 months after up to 2 retreatments given at 2- or 4-week intervals after initial PDT treatment. Similar posttreatment evaluations were planned after retreatments in 5 additional participants who were reenrolled some time more than 12 weeks after an initial PDT treatment. RESULTS: The average visual acuity change for the 31 participants who had retreatment within 2 to 4 weeks after the initial treatment and a follow-up examination 16 to 20 weeks after the initial treatment was 0.2 lines (range, -4 to 4 lines) in regimen 2 and -1.0 line (range, -5 to 3 lines) in regimen 4. Similar outcomes were noted in the 5 reenrolled participants. Cessation of fluorescein leakage from classic CNV for at least 1 to 4 weeks could be achieved without loss of visual acuity after at least 2 treatments in 2 (6.5%) of 31 patients. Similar to single-treatment effects, the disappearance of leakage was documented regularly at 1 week after each retreatment. Fluorescein leakage reappeared by 4 to 12 weeks after a retreatment in almost all cases. However, compared with baseline, leakage activity appeared to be reduced after multiple PDT courses. For the 31 patients who had follow-up for 3 months after the last retreatment and had received retreatment 2 to 4 weeks after the initial treatment, progression of CNV beyond the area identified before the retreatment was noted in 10 (48%) of the 21 eyes with classic CNV in regimen 2 and 9 (90%) of 10 eyes in regimen 4. The rate and severity of ocular or systemic adverse events were not increased by multiple applications. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple applications of PDT with verteporfin achieve repetitive, short-term cessation of fluorescein leakage from CNV secondary to AMD, without loss of visual acuity. This strategy can be used in randomized clinical trials investigating the efficacy of verteporfin in PDT for recurrent fluorescein dye leakage from persistent or recurrent CNV, following an initial or subsequent PDT treatment, with maintenance of visual acuity. Retreatments may achieve progressive cessation of leakage and prevent further growth of CNV and subsequent visual loss.},
   keywords = {Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Capillary Permeability/drug effects
Choroid/blood supply
Choroidal Neovascularization/*drug therapy/etiology/metabolism/pathology
Female
Fluorescein/metabolism
Fluorescein Angiography
Follow-Up Studies
Fundus Oculi
Humans
Macular Degeneration/*complications
Male
Middle Aged
*Photochemotherapy
Photosensitizing Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Porphyrins/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Retreatment
Safety
Treatment Outcome
Visual Acuity},
   year = {1999}
}

@article{Roider1999,
   author = {Roider, J. and Brinkmann, R. and Wirbelauer, C. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Retinal sparing by selective retinal pigment epithelial photocoagulation},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {117},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1028-34},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether photocoagulation of the retinal pigment epithelium is possible with sparing of the photoreceptors. METHODS: Mild laser effects of a neodymium:yttrium-lithium-fluoride (Nd:YLF) laser (527 nm) were applied to 17 patients. To establish the necessary energy, test exposures were performed to the lower macula (laser variables: 1.7 microseconds, 100 and 500 pulses applied in a train at 500 Hz, 20-130 microJ, 160 microm). Of 179 test lesions, 73 were followed up at various time intervals up to 1 year by performing microperimetry directly on top of the laser lesions. RESULTS: All of the test lesions were at the threshold of retinal pigment epithelial disruption, and none of the laser effects were visible by ophthalmoscopy during photocoagulation; they were detectable only by fluorescein angiography. After exposure with 500 pulses, retinal defects were detected in up to 73% of the patients (100 microJ) after the first day. Most of these defects were no longer detectable after 3 months. After exposure with 100 pulses, no defects could be detected with 70 and 100 microJ after 1 day. The absence of microscotomas in the follow-up period suggests that retinal damage was minimal or, if it occurred, was functionally repaired. CONCLUSION: By choosing proper energy and number of pulses, it is possible to produce retinal pigment epithelial effects with no subsequent retinal damage detectable by microperimetry.},
   keywords = {Adult
Eye Injuries/physiopathology/*prevention & control
Female
Fluorescein Angiography
Follow-Up Studies
Fundus Oculi
Humans
*Laser Coagulation/methods
Male
Middle Aged
Ophthalmoscopy
Perimetry
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/physiopathology/*surgery
Retina/injuries/*physiopathology
Retinal Diseases/physiopathology/*surgery
Visual Acuity},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10448745},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1999,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Rögener, J. and Lin, C.P. and Roider, J. and Birngruber, R. and Hüttmann, G.},
   title = {Selective RPE-Photodestruction: Mechanism of Cell Damage by pulsed laser irradiance in the ns to µs time regime},
   journal = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {3601},
   pages = {59-65},
   year = { 1999}
}

@article{Brinkmann1999,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Theisen, D. and Brendel, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Single-pulse 30-J holmium laser for myocardial revascularization - A study on ablation dynamics in comparison to CO2 laser-TMR},
   journal = {Ieee Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
   volume = {5},
   number = {4},
   pages = {969-980},
   note = {248CM
Times Cited:9
Cited References Count:40},
   abstract = {Endocardial laser revascularization (ELR) is a new technique to treat coronary heart disease in a percutaneous, minimally invasive approach. A holmium laser (lambda = 2.12 mu m) was developed to emit pulse energies of up to 30 J in order to ablate the desired channels in a single laser pulse. The energy was transmitted by multimode flexible optical waveguides as required for ELR, Ablation dynamics were investigated in two model systems, water serving as blood model and polyacrylamide (PAA) as a transparent tissue phantom. Measurements were undertaken using pulse energies of 12 J at pulse durations of 2.2 and 8 ms with a beam diameter of 1 mm, For comparison with the clinically established method of transmyocardial revascularization (TMR), ablations were also investigated with a standard 800 W TMR CO2 laser. The dynamics were recorded with a drum camera and stroboscope illumination providing a high framing rate of a single ablation process. Tissue ablation was quantified with the holmium laser in vitro on porcine heart tissue using pulse energies of up to 20 J, Tissue morphology was evaluated using polarization light microscopy to determine thermal and mechanical collateral damage zones. Oscillating vapor bubble channels were found in water and PAA with all laser systems and parameters used. Quasi-static vapor bubbles are observed in water in the millisecond time range using the holmium laser. CO2 laser radiation performed deeper channels in PAA than holmium laser pulses using the same radiant exposure. Channel depths of up to 10 mm were achieved with the holmium laser in myocardial tissue with pulse energies of 17 J, Thermal damage zones of about 150 mu m for the CO2 and 500 mu m for the holmium laser were found. The orientation of myocardial fibrils significantly influences the shape of the ablated cavities and the thermo-mechanical collateral damage zones. In conclusion, the results are very encouraging and demonstrate the potential of a catheter-based minimal invasive procedure for heart reperfusion using single high energy laser pulses.},
   keywords = {ablation dynamics
co2 laser
elr
fast flash photography
heart revascularization
holmium laser
polyacrylamide
tmlr
tmr
transmyocardial revascularization
tissue ablation
channels
generation
duration
water
blood},
   ISSN = {1077-260X},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1109/2944.796319},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000083257800015},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Koop,
   author = {Koop, N. and Wirbelauer, C. and Tüngler, A. and Geerling, G. and Bastian, G. O. and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Thermische Schädigung des Hornhautendothels bei der Dioden-Laserthermokeratoplastik.},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {96},
   pages = {392-397},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@Article{HU_1999_Wachtveitl_a,
  Title                    = {{Ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer in coumarin 343 sensitized TiO2-colloidal solution}},
  Author                   = {Wachtveitl, Josef and Huber, Robert and Sp\"{o}rlein, Sebastian and Moser, Jacques E and Gr\"{a}tzel, Michael},
  Journal                  = {International Journal of Photoenergy},
  Year                     = {1999},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {153--155},
  Volume                   = {1},
keywords = {AG-Huber},

  Doi                      = {10.1155/S1110662X99000264},
  ISSN                     = {1110-662X},
  Url                      = {http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/1999/418298/abs/}
}

@article{Brendel1999,
   author = {Brendel, T. and Brinkmann, R.  and Theisen, D.  and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Ablation Dynamics of High Energy IR Laser Pulses in Myocardial Revascularization},
   journal = {Biomedical Optics, OSA Technical Digest},
   pages = {152-154},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@Article{HU_1998_Huber_b,
  Title                    = {{Laser-induced thermal expansion of a scanning tunneling microscope tip measured with an atomic force microscope cantilever}},
  Author                   = {Huber, R and Koch, M and Feldmann, J},
  Journal                  = {Applied Physics Letters},
  Year                     = {1998},
  Number                   = {17},
  Pages                    = {2521},
  Volume                   = {73},
keywords = {AG-Huber},

  Doi                      = {10.1063/1.122502},
  ISSN                     = {00036951},
  Url                      = {http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/73/17/10.1063/1.122502}
}

@article{Welzel1998,
   author = {Welzel, J. and Lankenau, E. and Birngruber, R. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {Optical coherence tomography of the skin},
   journal = {Curr Probl Dermatol},
   volume = {26},
   pages = {27-37},
   note = {1421-5721 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   keywords = {Biomedical Engineering
Blister/pathology
Eczema/pathology
Epidermis/anatomy & histology/pathology
Humans
Melanoma/pathology
Optics
Pemphigus/pathology
Scabies/parasitology/pathology
Skin/*anatomy & histology/pathology
Skin Neoplasms/pathology
Tomography/*methods},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9597313},
   year = {1998},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1998,
   author = {Roider, J. and Lindemann, C. and el-Hifnawi el, S. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Therapeutic range of repetitive nanosecond laser exposures in selective RPE photocoagulation},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {236},
   number = {3},
   pages = {213-9},
   note = {0721-832X (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate whether selective damage the RPE while sparing the adjacent photoreceptors is possible with repetitive 200-ns pulses of Nd:YAG laser (532 nm) and what potential side effects can be expected with higher pulse energies. METHODS: We irradiated the retinas of 19 eyes of 10 chinchilla rabbits with 500 pulses from a Nd:YAG laser, each 200 ns in duration, at a repetition rate of 500 Hz (158 microns, 0-120 microJ). Threshold curves for different effects were established. Representative lesions were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: It was possible to produce lesions, which were only visible by fluorescein angiography. The ED50 threshold energy per pulse for visibility by fluorescein angiography was 2.1 microJ per pulse, for visibility by ophthalmoscopy 8.6 microJ. Bubble formation, an uncommon phenomenon in retinal photocoagulation, occurred at energies of 15-25 microJ. Hemorrhage occurred at surprisingly high energy levels of more than 100 microJ. Histology performed on lesions visible only by angiography showed damage primarily to the RPE and outer segments, with very little damage to some inner segments dependent on the energy used. CONCLUSIONS: Selective RPE damage is possible with repetitive 200-ns laser pulses and appropriate energy; however, the collateral damage to the adjacent retina is more pronounced than with repetitive microsecond laser pulses. There is no risk of hemorrhage of retinal photocoagulation with the repetitive 200-ns laser pulses at low energy levels which would be used clinically.},
   keywords = {Animals
Eye Injuries/etiology/pathology
Fundus Oculi
Laser Coagulation/adverse effects/*methods
Photoreceptors/injuries/ultrastructure
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/*surgery/ultrastructure
Rabbits
Reoperation
Retinal Hemorrhage/etiology
Safety},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9541826},
   year = {1998},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Noack,
   author = {Noack, J. and Hammer, D.X. and Rockwell, B.A. and Vogel, A. and Noojin, G. D.},
   title = {Influence of pulse duration on mechanical effects after laser-induced breakdown in water},
   journal = {J Appl Phys},
   volume = {83},
   number = {12},
   pages = {7488-7495},
   year = {1998}
}

@article{Roider1998,
   author = {Roider, J. and El Hifnawi, E. S. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Bubble formation as primary interaction mechanism in retinal laser exposure with 200-ns laser pulses},
   journal = {Lasers in Surgery and Medicine},
   volume = {22},
   number = {4},
   pages = {240-248},
   note = {Zl426
Times Cited:15
Cited References Count:23},
   abstract = {Background and Objective: Retinal laser photocoagulation is generally performed by laser pulses of a few hundred milliseconds. The tissue interaction mechanism is a pure thermal interaction mechanism. As pulse duration gets shorter, different, non-thermal interaction mechanisms start to appear. The time domain for a change of tissue interaction mechanism seems to be in the ns and mu s range. The goal of this study was to characterize the tissue interaction mechanism with 200-ns laser pulses, which approximate the thermal relaxation time of single melanin granules.
Materials and Methods: The retinas of 19 eyes of 10 rabbits were irradiated by 10 and 500 repetitive laser pulses (wavelength, 532 nm; repetition rate, 500 Hz; pulse duration, 200 ns; per pulse energy, 0-120 mu J; retinal spot size, 100 mu m). The effects were evaluated by fluorescein angiography, ophthalmoscopy and by theoretical thermal calculations. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were additionally performed on lesions irradiated by 500 pulses.
Results: Single pulse threshold energies for angiographic visibility were 3.5 mu J (10 pulses) and 2.1 mu J (500 pulses), for ophthalmoscopic visibility 9.0 mu J (10 pulses) vs. 8.6 mu J (500 pulses). At energy levels above ophthalmoscopic visibility macroscopically visible bubble formation inside the retina could be observed. This occurred at energy levels of 35 mu J (10 pulses) vs. 17 mu J (500 pulses). Microscopic evaluation of lesions irradiated with 500 pulses and energies at the angiographic threshold showed a damage primarily to the RPE. Additional outer segment damage of the photoreceptors could be found. A gap between damaged RPE cells and the outer segments could be repeatedly found as well as damaged RPE cells, which were detached from intact Bruch's membrane. Temperature calculation shows that temperatures above 100 degrees C may exist around single melanin granules.
Conclusion: The studies suggest that RPE damage may occur by bubble formation around single melanin granules. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
   keywords = {bubble
laser
melanin
retina
retinal pigment epithelium
injury
stress
radiation},
   ISSN = {0196-8092},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1002/(Sici)1096-9101(1998)22:4<240::Aid-Lsm9>3.0.Co;2-P},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000073431700009},
   year = {1998},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Spiegel1998,
   author = {Spiegel, D. and Wetzel, W. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Comparison of the efficacy of ER-YAG laser sclerostomy ab externo versus trabeculectomy in the treatment of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {95},
   number = {8},
   pages = {537-541},
   note = {119TQ
Times Cited:3
Cited References Count:16},
   abstract = {Purpose: This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of the Er-YAG laser sclerostomy ab externo versus trabeculectomy in the treatment of primary open - angle glaucoma.
Methods: Twelve patients with POAG underwent ab externo laser sclerostomy using an Er-YAG laser (Sklerostom 2.9(R); lambda = 2940 nm, t = 200 mu s, 2 Hz, 400 mu m, 15 mJ). Only local medication was used, and there were no risk factors for failure. As a control group 12 patients out of 248 standardized trabeculectomies were matched in terms of age, sex, diagnosis and local medications. No antimetabolites were used in either group.
Results: After a follow-up of 9 months in the sclerostomy group 53%; (7/12; P = 0.03) showed a patent fistula in comparison of 100% in the trabeculectomy group. There was a significantly lower mean IOP during the first postsurgical week in the group of sclerostomies (3.6 +/- 1.5 mmHg versus 7.5 +/- 2.7 mmHg; P = 0.0001) with a higher incidence of choroidal detachments (9/12 versus 2/12; P = 0.004). The choroidal detachments lasted longer in the sclerostomy group (3.5 months versus 0.3 months; P = 0.014). Iris incarcerations were found only in sclerostomies (7/12; P = 0.05).
Conclusions: Based on these findings, Er-YAG laser sclerostomy prooved to be less effective than trabeculectomy in the treatment of glaucoma patients. Er-YAG laser sclerostomies were associated with a higher incidence of postsurgical complications such as hypotony, choroidal detachments and iris incarcerations. At this point Er-YAG laser sclerostomy is not superior to conventional trabeculectomy.},
   keywords = {glaucoma
er-yag laser
sclerostomy
trabeculectomy
filtration surgery
mitomycin
aphakia},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470050312},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000075913700003},
   year = {1998},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1998,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Geerling, G. and Kampmeier, J. and Borcherding, S. and Kamm, K. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Diode laser thermokeratoplasty: application strategy and dosimetry},
   journal = {J Cataract Refract Surg},
   volume = {24},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1195-207},
   note = {0886-3350 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To investigate suitable application parameters for efficient hyperopic correction by laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) using mid-infrared laser diodes. SETTING: Medical Laser Center Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany. METHOD: A tunable continuous-wave laser diode in the spectral range between 1.845 and 1.871 microns was used. Transmitted by waveguides, the laser energy was used to induce coagulations on freshly enucleated porcine eyes to increase corneal curvature. The coagulations were equidistantly applied by a fiber-cornea contact and a noncontact focusing device that were adjusted on a ring concentric to the corneal apex. Different laser parameters and application geometries were evaluated. Refractive changes were measured by computer-assisted corneal topography before and after treatment. Polarization light microscopy and temperature calculations were used to analyze the coagulations. RESULTS: Because of the tunability of the laser diode, the influence of the corneal absorption coefficient (between 0.9 and 1.6 mm-1) on the refractive change could be measured. A laser power between 125 and 200 mW was adequate to achieve refractive changes up to 10.0 diopters. In the preferable focusing device, the refractive change increased almost logarithmically with the irradiation time up to 15 seconds. The number of coagulations on a fixed application ring showed no significant influence on refractive change; however, it showed an almost linear decrease with increasing ring diameter from 5.0 to 10.0 mm. Histological analysis revealed 3 stages of thermal damage. CONCLUSION: Diode LTK provided defined and uniform coagulations when using a well-adapted focusing device, resulting in sufficient refractive change. The results indicate that diode LTK is superior to pulsed holmium LTK.},
   keywords = {Absorption
Animals
Cornea/pathology/physiopathology/*surgery
Hyperopia/pathology/physiopathology/*surgery
Laser Coagulation/*methods
Microscopy, Polarization
Refraction, Ocular
Swine},
   year = { 1998}
}

@article{Hüttmann1998,
   author = {Hüttmann, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Dynamics of Thermal Microeffects: Rate Constants of Thermal Denaturation Measured by a Temperature-Jump Experiment},
   journal = {OSA TOPS},
   volume = {22},
   pages = {300-305},
   year = {1998},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1998,
   author = {Brinkmann, R and Theisen, D. and Stubbe, H.M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Endocardial Laser Revascularization with Single High Energy Laser Pulses},
   journal = {OSA TOPS},
   volume = {22},
   pages = {272-276},
   year = { 1998},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Noack,
   author = {Noack, J. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Single-shot spatially resolved characterization of laser-induced shock waves in water},
   journal = {Appl Optics},
   volume = {37},
   number = {19},
   pages = {4092-4099},
   year = {1998}
}

@article{Brinkmann1998,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Knipper, A. and Dröge, G. and Schroer, F. and Gromoll, B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Fundamental Studies of Fiber-Guided Soft Tissue Cutting by Means of Pulsed Midinfrared IR lasers and their Application in Ureterotomy},
   journal = {J Biomed Opt},
   volume = {3},
   number = {1},
   pages = {85-95},
   year = { 1998}
}

@article{Geerling,
   author = {Geerling, G. and Roider, J. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Nahen, K. and El Hifnawi, E. S. and Laqua, H. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Initial clinical experience with the picosecond Nd: YLF laser for intraocular therapeutic applications},
   journal = {Br J Ohthalmol},
   volume = {82},
   number = {5},
   pages = {504-509},
   year = {1998}
}

@article{Brinkmann1998,
   author = {Brinkmann, R and Koop, N. and Kamm, K. and Geerling, G. and Kampmeier, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser Thermokeratoplastik: eine in vitro- und in vivo-Studie mit kontinuierlich emittierender Laserdiode im mittleren IR-Spektralbereich.},
   journal = {Laser in der Medizin, Proc. Laser 97},
   pages = {412-416},
   year = {1998},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Noske,
   author = {Noske, U.M. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Meyer, C. and Diddens, H.},
   title = {Lipidmetabolismus im Retinalen Pigmentepithel (RPE): Mögliche Bedeutung der Lipoprotein-Rezeptoren bei der Altersbezogenen Makuladegeneration},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {95},
   pages = {814-819},
   year = {1998}
}

@article{Eichenauer,
   author = {Eichenauer, Rolf H. and Huettmann, Gereon and Woermer, Stephan and Koop, Norbert and Beyer, Wolfgang and Jocham, Dieter},
   title = {New balloon catheter system used for PDT in the human urinary bladder: accuracy of light distribution},
   pages = {138-144},
   note = {10.1117/12.308141},
   abstract = {Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may provide a new approach for treatment of patients with superficial transitional carcinoma and carcinoma in situ of the bladder. The light applicator for the bladder wall (Rusch) is constructed as a balloon catheter with two concentric balloons. A new PDT applicator (Rusch) was assessed for the homogeneity and accuracy of irradiation during PDT. In an in-vitro experiment with 17 freshly harvested porcine bladders the fluence rate was measured locally with isotropic detectors. The results were compared to the light fluence detected by the PDT applicator. The increase of the fluence rate (beta) inside the bladders due to back scattering ranged between 5.3 and 7.0 with an average of 6.2. Local variations of the fluence rate in the spherical bladders were also smaller than 15%. Therefore it is concluded, that a homogeneous and accurate irradiation during PDT is possible. Blood between the outer balloon and the bladder wall reduces the local fluence rate strongly and should to be avoided. Also larger air bubbles in the applicator can lead to an inhomogeneous light distribution. In regular application the presented new catheter system provides accurate and easy light dosimetry during PDT of the bladder. Attention had to be paid to a continuous flushing of the space between balloon and bladder wall in order to prevent the accumulation of urine and blood. To avoid a malfunction of the system and large errors in light dosimetry and application, it is advisable to monitor the measured light dosage and the shape of the balloon using ultrasonography during PDT.},
   year = {1998}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1998,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Photodynamic therapy in ocular vascular disease (Reprinted from IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol 2, 1996)},
   journal = {Laser Physics},
   volume = {8},
   number = {1},
   pages = {191-198},
   note = {Zb459
Times Cited:4
Cited References Count:58},
   abstract = {Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel therapeutical approach which is noninvasive and potentially selective for neoplastic pathologies. Association of photosensitizers with low density lipoprotein (LDL) leads to direct targeting of the treated lesions with enhanced efficiency and selectivity. LDL-mediated PDT is particularly useful in the treatment of neovascular structures since LDL receptors are abundantly expressed on vascular endothelial cells. To evaluate the potential of selective photodynamic vasoocclusion in ocular neovascular disease, a sequence of experiments was designed: efficiency of the LDL-carrier was tested in vitro, and the system was then transferred to an in vivo model demonstrating a vascularized neoplasm. Occlusion was successfully performed in experimentally-induced neovascularization in the cornea, while selective photothrombosis of subretinal vasculature revealed lack of collateral damage. The experimental results were used to establish a first clinical trial for the use of PDT in age-related macular degeneration, one of the leading causes for blindness.},
   keywords = {low-density-lipoprotein
receptor activity
plasma-lipoproteins
singlet oxygen
cells-invitro
murine tumor
hematoporphyrin
invivo
benzoporphyrin
retinoblastoma},
   ISSN = {1054-660X},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000072474100030},
   year = {1998},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Scammon,
   author = {Scammon, R.J. and Chapyak, E.J. and Godwin, R.P. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Simulations of shock waces and cavitation bubbles produced in water by picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses},
   journal = {SPIE Proc.},
   volume = {3254},
   pages = {264-275},
   year = {1998}
}

@article{Gragoudas1997,
   author = {Gragoudas, E. S. and SchmidtErfurth, U. and Sickenberg, M. and Pournaras, C. J. and Bressler, N. M. and Strong, A. and Hoehne, U. and Fsadni, M. and Lane, A. M. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R. and Donati, G. and Zografos, L. and vandenBergh, H. and Piguet, B. and Miller, J. W.},
   title = {Results and preliminary dosimetry of photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration in a phase I/II study.},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {73-73},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:5
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18600073},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Koop1997,
   author = {Koop, Norbert and Langholz, Michael and Birngruber, Reginald and Geerling, Gerd and Bastian, Gerd-Otto},
   title = {Vergleichende Untersuchungen verschiedener kornealer Topographiemeßgeräte},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {2},
   pages = {120-126},
   ISSN = {1433-0423},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003470050092},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1997,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Günther, Thomas and Birngruber, Reginald and Asyo-Vogel, M},
   title = {Untersuchungen zur Entstehung von Refraktionseffekten bei der intrastromalen refraktiven Hornhautchirurgie mit dem Pikosekundenlaser},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {7},
   pages = {467-474},
   keywords = {Schlüsselwörter Refraktive Hornhautchirurgie
Intrastromale photorefraktive Keratektomie
Pikosekundenlaser
Photodisruption
Kavitation
Key words Refractive surgery
Intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy
Picosecond laser
Cavitation},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {10.1007/s003470050141},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003470050141},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1997,
   author = {Roider, J. and Brinkmann, R. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Therapeutical bandwidth or selective RPE-photocoagulation treatment by repetitive mu s-laser pulses (527 nm) - First clinical results},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {404-404},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18600402},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hammer,
   author = {Hammer, D.X. and Jansen, E.D. and Frenz, M. and Nojin, G.D. and Thomas, R.J. and Noack, J. and Vogel, A. and Rockwell, B.A. and Welch, A.J.},
   title = {Shielding properties of laser-induced breakdown in water from pulse durations from 5 ns to 125 fs.},
   journal = {Appl Optics},
   volume = {36},
   pages = {5630-5640},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Brinkmann1997,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Kampmeier, J. and Bruhns, A. and AsiyoVogel, M. and Engelhardt, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Corneal collagen denaturation in laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK)},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2514-2514},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18602506},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Sickenberg1997,
   author = {Sickenberg, M. and SchimdtErfurth, U. and Miller, J. W. and Donati, G. and Bressler, N. M. and Zografos, L. and Piguet, B. and Laqua, H. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Lane, A. M. and Pournaras, C. and Birngruber, R. and vandenBergh, H. and Strong, H. A. and Manjuris, U. and Fsadni, M.},
   title = {Preliminary results of photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularization in pathologic myopia, ocular histoplasmosis syndrome and idiopathic causes within a phase I/II study},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {450-450},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18600448},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Asiyo-Vogel1997,
   author = {Asiyo-Vogel, M. N. and Koop, N. and Brinkmann, R. and Engelhardt, R. and Eggers, R. and Birngruber, R. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Evaluation of LTK lesions by optical low coherence tomography (OCT) and polarization microscopy after Sirius-Red staining},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {7},
   pages = {487-491},
   note = {Yp140
Times Cited:5
Cited References Count:21},
   abstract = {Background: Information on the extent and degree of the thermal effect produced is of great importance for control of the laser dosage in laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) and for postoperative follow-up. We investigated on acute LTK effects which information images obtained by optical low coherence tomography (OCT) offer compared to those obtained by polarization microscopy.
Methods: Porcine eyes were irradiated through a 400 mu m quartz fiber using light from a laser diode emitting up to 300 mW at a wavelength of 1.86 mu m. Thermal lesions of varying strength were scanned using an experimental OCT device with about 25 mu m lateral and 20 mu m axial resolution. Histologic evaluation of the scanned areas was done by polarization microscopy after Sirius-Red staining, and similar lesions were also analyzed by TEM.
Results: Both methods differentiated three damage zones: a transition zone, a zone of moderate coagulation, and a central zone of strong coagulation. In the transition zone,increased birefringence was seen in polarization microscopy, which correlated with increased light scattering seen in the DCT images,ln the moderately coagulated zone, a decrease in birefringence was associated with an even stronger increase of the OCT signal, In the central zone,a loss of the fibrillar tissue structure was observed, which led to a complete loss of birefringence and a strong reduction of the OCT signal.
Conclusions: Although OCT does not provide the detailed information on thermal changes of tissue seen by the histologic method, it offers information on the extent and degree of tissue changes without preparation artifacts and provides a non-invasive method of immediate and follow-up control of LTK lesions, A quantitative analysis of changes in corneal thickness and curvature is much simpler than by a slit lamp. Time-resolved measurements of corneal light scattering may be used for on-line control of the laser-light dosage during LTK.},
   keywords = {refractive surgery
laser thermokeratoplasty
collagen denaturation
collagen shrinkage
optical low coherence tomography
polarization microscopy
sirius-red staining
tissue
collagen
eye},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470050144},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000071246700004},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Chapyak,
   author = {Chapyak, J. and Godwin, R.P. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {A comparison of numerical simulations and laboratory studies on shock waves and cavitation bubble growth produced by optical breakdown in water},
   journal = {SPIE Proc.},
   volume = {2975},
   pages = {335-342},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Toth,
   author = {Toth, C. A. and Narayan, D. G. and Boppart, S. A. and Hee, M. R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Birngruber, R. and Cain, C. P. and DiCarlo, C. D. and Roach, W. P.},
   title = {A comparison of retinal morphology viewed by optical coherence tomography and by light microscopy},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {115},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1425-8},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare the cross-sectional images of primate retinal morphology obtained by optical coherence tomography (OCT) with light microscopy to determine the retinal components represented in OCT images. METHODS: Laser pulses were delivered to the retina to create small marker lesions in a Macaca mulatta. These lesions were used to align in vivo OCT scans and ex vivum histologic cross sections for image comparison. RESULTS: The OCT images demonstrated reproducible patterns of retinal morphology that corresponded to the location of retinal layers seen on light microscopic overlays. Layers of relative high reflectivity corresponded to horizontally aligned retinal components such as the nerve fiber layer and plexiform layers, as well as to the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. In contrast, the nuclear layers and the photoreceptor inner and outer segments demonstrated relative low reflectivity by OCT. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal morphology and macular OCT imaging correlate well, with alignment of areas of high and low reflectivity to specific retinal and choroidal elements. Resolution of retinal structures by OCT depends on the contrast in relative reflectivity of adjacent structures. Use of this tool will enable expanded study of retinal morphology, both normal and pathologic, as it evolves in vivo.},
   keywords = {Animals
Macaca mulatta
Microscopy/*methods
Retina/*cytology
Tomography/*methods},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Brinkmann1997,
   author = {Brinkmann, R and Dröge, G and Schroer, F and Scheu, M and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Ablation Dynamics in Laser Sclerostomy Ab Externo by means of Pulsed Lasers in the Mid-Infrared Spectral Range},
   journal = {Ophth Surg Las},
   volume = {28},
   number = {10},
   pages = {853-865},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wirbelauer1997,
   author = {Wirbelauer, C. and Geerling, G. and Koop, N. and Brinkmann, R. and Tungler, A. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Acute endothelial cell changes after laser thermal keratoplasty with a CW-IR laser diode},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2516-2516},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18602508},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Toth1997,
   author = {Toth, C. A. and Birngruber, R. and Boppart, S. A. and Hee, M. R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and DiCarlo, C. D. and Swanson, E. A. and Cain, C. P. and Narayan, D. G. and Noojin, G. D. and Roach, W. P.},
   title = {Argon laser retinal lesions evaluated in vivo by optical coherence tomography},
   journal = {Am J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {123},
   number = {2},
   pages = {188-98},
   note = {0002-9394 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To assess the in vivo evolution of argon laser retinal lesions by correlating the cross-sectional structure from sequential optical coherence tomography with histopathologic sectioning. METHODS: Argon laser lesions were created in the retinas of Macaca mulatta and evaluated by cross-section optical coherence tomography, which was compared at selected time points with corresponding histopathology. RESULTS: Argon laser lesions induced an optical coherence tomography pattern of early outer retinal relative high reflectivity with subsequent surrounding relative low reflectivity that correlated well with histopathologic findings. The in vivo optical coherence tomography images of macular laser lesions clearly demonstrated differences in pathologic response by retinal layer over time. CONCLUSION: The novel sequential imaging of rapidly evolving macular lesions with optical coherence tomography provides new insight into the patterns of acute tissue response by cross-sectional layer. This sequential imaging technique will aid in our understanding of the rapid evolution of retinal pathology and response to treatment in the research and clinical setting.},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
*Lasers
Macaca mulatta
*Optics
Retina/*pathology/*radiation effects
Time Factors
Tomography/*methods},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9186124},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Koop1997,
   author = {Koop, N. and Langholz, M. and Birngruber, R. and Geerling, G. and Bastian, G. O.},
   title = {Comparative evaluation of different corneal topographical devices},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {2},
   pages = {120-126},
   note = {Yp129
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:25},
   abstract = {Purpose: It is difficult to measure the topography of the cornea with high resolution and visualize it on a map displaying refraction. This is demonstrated by the ongoing improvement and further development of different methods and by the fact that users of these techniques are not always satisfied.
Materials and methods: Five different ring projectors were compared. Spherical and aspherical ball standards were used to measure the standard deviation of the refraction of the system. A patient group of eight people with healthy eyes was used to compare the measurement accuracy and operational errors. Some patients were also measured after cataract surgery. The lateral and axial range of the devices was determined.
Results: The measurement accuracy for bail stand ards for the five devices was below 1/8 D. For the in vivo case in the control group it was below 1/4 D for four devices. Furthermore, the reproducibility of the results, the accuracy of angle determination and the influence of mechanical and optical design will be discussed. The study demonstrates applications and limits of this measurement method.},
   keywords = {placido-disk
corneal topography
refractive power
videokeratoscope
accuracy
system
reproducibility},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470050092},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000071245600008},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Spiegel1997,
   author = {Spiegel, D. and Wetzel, W. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Comparison of the efficacy of Er-YAG laser sclerostomy ab externo versus trabeculectomy in the treatment of ''low risk'' glaucoma patients.},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {829-829},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18600827},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Spiegel1997,
   author = {Spiegel, D. and Wetzel, W. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Comparison of the efficacy of Er-YAG laser sclerostomy ab externo versus trabeculectomy in the treatment of ''low risk'' glaucoma patients.},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {829-829},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18600827},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pan1997,
   author = {Pan, Y. T. and Birngruber, R. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {Contrast limits of coherence-gated imaging in scattering media},
   journal = {Applied Optics},
   volume = {36},
   number = {13},
   pages = {2979-2983},
   note = {Wx242
Times Cited:50
Cited References Count:8},
   abstract = {The fundamental difference between time-resolved and coherence-gated imaging modalities in scattering media is analyzed in terms of their optical transfer functions. The effectiveness of coherence gating for multiple-scattering rejection is shown by imaging a 100-mu m-thick razor blade hidden in the scattering phantoms (i.e., Intralipid suspensions) with different scattering coefficients. We found that the imaging contrast is limited by multiple scattering and speckle effects in high-scattering media, and the measured effective penetration depth of optical coherence tomography is approximately equal to six mean free paths under the experimental conditions of a numerical aperture of less than 0.1 and a scattering anisotropy of approximately 0.8. (C) 1997 Optical Society of America.},
   keywords = {coherence-gated imaging
time-resolved imaging
low-coherence interference
imaging contrast limits
multiple scattering effects
tissue optics
tomography},
   ISSN = {0003-6935},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1364/Ao.36.002979},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WX24200038},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Asiyo-Vogel1997,
   author = {Asiyo-Vogel, M and Koop, N and Brinkmann, R and Engelhardt, R and Eggers, R and Birngruber, R and Vogel, A},
   title = {Darstellung von LTK-Läsionen durch optische Kurzkohärenztomographie (OCT) und Polarisationsmikroskopie nach Sirius-Rot-Färbung},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   pages = {487-491},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Geerling1997,
   author = {Geerling, G. and Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Wirbelauer, C. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Diode-laser thermokeratoplasty - First clinical experiences in human blind eyes},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2292-2292},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18602285},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1997,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Günther, T. and Asiyo-Vogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Factors determining the refractive effects of intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy with the picosecond laser},
   journal = {J Cataract Refract Surg},
   volume = {23},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1301-1310},
   abstract = {To determine the relationship between laser parameters and tissue removal with picosecond laser intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy (ISPRK) and to assess the effect of the parameters on the healing process and the long-term refractive changes.},
   keywords = {Animals
Corneal Stroma
Follow-Up Studies
Lasers, Excimer
Microscopy, Polarization
Photorefractive Keratectomy
Refraction, Ocular
Refractive Errors
Swine
Wound Healing
pathology
physiopathology
surgery
adverse effects
methods
physiology
etiology},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1997,
   author = {SchmidtErfurth, U. and Miller, J. W. and Sickenberg, M. and Bressler, N. M. and Laqua, H. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Zografos, L. and Hager, A. and Piguet, B. and Birngruber, R. and vandenBergh, H. and Strong, H. A. and Fsadni, M.},
   title = {Photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularisation in a phase I/II study: Preliminary results of multiple treatments},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {74-74},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:8
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18600074},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Asiyo-Vogel,
   author = {Asiyo-Vogel, M. and Brinkmann, R and Notbohm, H. and Eggers, R. and Lubatschowski, H. and Laqua, H. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Histologic analysis of thermal effects of laserthermokeratoplasty and corneal ablation using Sirius-Red polarization microscopy},
   journal = {J Cataract Refr Surg},
   volume = {23},
   pages = {515-526},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Noack,
   author = {Noack, J. and Tonnies, R. and Hohla, K. and Birngruber, R. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Influence of ablation plume dynamics on the formation of central islands in excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {104},
   number = {5},
   pages = {823-30},
   note = {0161-6420 (Print)
Comparative Study
In Vitro
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to understand the dynamics of ablation products during excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy, and their influence on the formation of central islands. METHOD: Laser flash photography was used to investigate the dynamics of ablation products during photorefractive keratectomy. The ablation plume over polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and porcine cornea targets ablated with different zone diameters was imaged at various times between 10 musec and 100 msec after the ablating laser pulse. On PMMA targets, the profiles of the resulting ablation craters were measured. RESULTS: In all cases, the ablation products formed a ring vortex. The plume velocities on cornea were found to be approximately twice as fast as on PMMA for all zone diameters. For both materials, the ablation plume evolves faster for smaller zone diameters. Central islands were observed for zone diameters between 1 and 7 mm on PMMA substrates. The islands became more pronounced with increasing zone diameter. CONCLUSIONS: A major cause for the formation of central islands was found to be particle redeposition at the center of the ablation zone. Because of the vortex dynamics, redeposition of particles favorably occurs at the center of the ablation zone. Additionally, the dynamics of the ablation plume lead to a concentration of airborne particles over the center of the ablation zone, which also may contribute to the creation of central islands by partial absorption of the next excimer laser pulse.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cornea/*pathology/*surgery
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
*Keratectomy, Photorefractive, Excimer Laser
Methylmethacrylates
Models, Anatomic
Swine
Time and Motion Studies
Volatilization},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Vogel1997,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Gunther, T. and Asiyo-Vogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Investigations on the origin of refractive effects in intrastromal refractive surgery with the picosecond laser},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {7},
   pages = {467-474},
   note = {Yp140
Times Cited:2
Cited References Count:21},
   abstract = {Background: Picosecond laser intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy (ISPRK) aims at achieving a flattening of the central cornea by plasma-mediated tissue evaporation without affecting the anterior or posterior corneal layers. We investigated the laser-induced tissue effects to establish a functional relationship between laser parameters and tissue removal and to assess their influence on the healing process and long-term refractive changes.
Materials and methods: A modified ISL 2001 System with a cone angle of 30 degrees was used for in vitro investigations of the laser effects in water and porcine cornea. Photographic methods were used to determine the plasma volume and the thickness of the laser-generated intrastromal bubble layer as a function of the pulse energy and the number and separation in which the pulses were applied (216 eyes). Histological evaluation was done by polarization microscopy (9 eyes).
Results: Polarization microscopy revealed only minor signs of thermal tissue damage. The maximum amount of tissue that can be evaporated without damaging the outer corneal layers corresponds to a layer about 10 mu m thick. With a 6-mm optical zone, this tissue removal yields an immediate refractive effect of only 0.85 dpt. Stronger long-term refractive changes observed in animal experiments and clinical studies must thus be due to the healing response of the cornea. The healing response may be induced by mechanical distortion due to intrastromal bubble formation affecting about one third of the corneal thickness.
Conclusion: Since the refractive effects are apparently strongly influenced by corneal healing, they are poorly predictable and can probably not be used for clinical purposes.},
   keywords = {refractive surgery
intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy
picosecond laser
photodisruption
cavitation
photorefractive keratectomy
intraocular photodisruption
corneal tissue
pulses},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470050141},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000071246700001},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Kampmeier1997,
   author = {Kampmeier, J. and Brinkmann, R. and Pfleiderer, M. and Schneider, E. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK): A finite element model of the cornea},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2515-2515},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18602507},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1997,
   author = {SchmidtErfurth, U. and Wetzel, W. and Droge, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Mitomycin-C in laser sclerostomy: Benefit and complications},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers},
   volume = {28},
   number = {1},
   pages = {14-20},
   note = {Wf713
Times Cited:6
Cited References Count:27},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The authors studied the effect of topical mitomycin-C administration on the maintenance of filter function and intraocular pressure (IOP) following laser sclerostomy.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients with a presumed high risk of episcleral scarring were treated intraoperatively with topical mitomycin-C (0.5 mg/ml) for 3 to 5 minutes. Their IOPs were monitored for at least 2 years. The IOP data of these patients were compared with the results for 46 patients who underwent the identical procedure without antimetabolite.
RESULTS: IOPs below 23 mm Hg were achieved in 70% of the mitomycin-C-treated patients. Compared with the non-mitomycin-C group, the rate and duration of early postoperative hypotony was significantly increased in the mitomycin-C-treated group.
CONCLUSION: Mitomycin-C is useful for maintaining successful filter function in patients with unfavorable prognoses. However, severe and persistent hypotony may occur.},
   keywords = {topical antiglaucoma medication
open-angle glaucoma
filtration surgery
thermal sclerostomy
trabeculectomy
abexterno
rabbits},
   ISSN = {0022-023X},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WF71300003},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A.},
   title = {Nonlinear absorption: intraocular microsurgery and laser lithotripsy },
   journal = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   volume = {42},
   number = {5},
   pages = {895},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Koop1997,
   author = {Koop, N. and Brinkmann, R. and Lankenau, E. and Flache, S. and Engelhardt, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Optical coherence tomography of cornea and anterior segment of the eye},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {7},
   pages = {481-486},
   note = {Yp140
Times Cited:34
Cited References Count:19},
   abstract = {Target: The method of optical coherence tomography (OCT) was investigated regarding its suitability and limits for measuring the cornea and the anterior segment of the eye. Furthermore, the stromal expansion of thermally induced lesions in the cornea directly after irradiation was determined within the scope of the laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK).
Material and methods: With the experimental scanning OCT system, x-z sections of the anterior eye segment were made with an optical resolution of about 20 mu m axially and 25 mu m laterally. Freshly enucleated, tonicized porcine eyes were used as model eyes. Thermal lesions were applied with a continuously emitting laser diode (lambda=1.86 mu m) and various radiation parameters, Before and after coagulation, the cornea was viewed from limbus to limbus in a central OCT scan and the individual coagulation source was measured,
Results: Global and local changes of the thickness of the cornea as well as the distance between cornea and lens were measured with high precision. Thermal lesions in their expansion can be clearly presented and matching well with the histologically stained sections, bur are not as exactly defined at the edges due to the limited optical resolution, as known from histological preparations.
Conclusion: With the OCT method quantitative measuring of the anterior eye segment can be performed in vitro and with reduced resolutions also in vivo. Due to the qualitatively good correspondence regarding the dimensions of thermal damage of the cornea with histologically obtained morphometric results,this method can be used for supervision of coagulation directly after LTK as well as for examination of the individual healing process.},
   keywords = {optical coherence tomography
pachometry
laser thermokeratoplasty
thermal damage
tissue},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470050143},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000071246700003},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Welzel1997,
   author = {Welzel, J. and Lankenau, E. and Birngruber, R. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {Optical coherence tomography of the human skin},
   journal = {J Am Acad Dermatol},
   volume = {37},
   number = {6},
   pages = {958-63},
   note = {0190-9622 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new diagnostic method for tissue characterization. OBJECTIVE: We investigated normal and pathologic structures in human skin in several locations to evaluate the potential application of this technique to dermatology. METHODS: Based on the principle of low-coherence interferometry, cross-sectional images of the human skin can be obtained in vivo with a high spatial resolution of about 15 microns. Within a penetration depth of 0.5 to 1.5 mm, structures of the stratum corneum, the living epidermis, and the papillary dermis can be distinguished. RESULTS: Different layers could be detected that were differentiated by induction of experimental blisters and by comparison with corresponding histologic sections. Furthermore, OCT images of several skin diseases and tumors were obtained. CONCLUSION: OCT is a promising new imaging method for visualization of morphologic changes of superficial layers of the human skin. It may be useful for noninvasive diagnosis of bullous skin diseases, skin tumors, and in vivo investigation of pharmacologic effects.},
   keywords = {Adult
Anatomy, Cross-Sectional
Basement Membrane/pathology
Blister/diagnosis/pathology
Epidermis/anatomy & histology
Evaluation Studies
Female
Forearm/anatomy & histology
Hand/anatomy & histology
Humans
Hutchinson's Melanotic Freckle/diagnosis/pathology
Image Enhancement
Interferometry
Male
Melanoma/diagnosis/pathology
Nails/anatomy & histology
Optics
Skin/*anatomy & histology
Skin Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology
Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous/diagnosis/pathology
Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis/pathology
Tomography/*methods},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9418764},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Koop1997,
   author = {Koop, Norbert and Brinkmann, Ralf and Lankenau, Eva and Flache, Stefan and Engelhardt, Ralf and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Optische Kohärenztomographie der Kornea und des vorderen Augenabschnitts},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {7},
   pages = {481-486},
   ISSN = {1433-0423},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003470050143},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hendrich,
   author = {Hendrich, C. and Hüttmann, G. and Lehnert, C. and Diddens, H. and Siebert, W.E.},
   title = {Photodynamic laser therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: Cell culture studies and animal experiments.},
   journal = {Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthroscopy},
   volume = {5},
   pages = {58-63},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1997,
   author = {SchmidtErfurth, U. and Diddens, H. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Photodynamic targeting of human retinoblastoma cells using covalent low-density lipoprotein conjugates},
   journal = {British Journal of Cancer},
   volume = {75},
   number = {1},
   pages = {54-61},
   note = {Wa344
Times Cited:69
Cited References Count:64},
   abstract = {Combination of photosensitizers with carrier molecules has been shown to enhance the efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Owing to an increased expression of their receptors on some malignant and proliferating cells, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are potential endogenous carriers. A photosensitizer, chlorin e(6) (Ce-6), was covalently bound to LDL via carbodiimide activation. The Ce-6-LDL conjugate was evaluated on a fibroblast cell line with defined LDL receptor expression and a retinoblastoma cell line (Y79). Uptake of free Ce-6 and Ce-6 either covalently bound to or complexed with LDL was measured by spectrofluorimetry. Phototoxicity after irradiation at 660 nm was determined by a mitochondrial activity assay (MTT). Covalent binding to LDL significantly increased the uptake of Ce, for both cell lines by a factor of 4-5. A Ce-6:LDL binding ratio of 50:1 was optimal. A receptor-mediated uptake was demonstrated by saturability and competitive inhibition by free LDL. Binding also occurred at 2 degrees C and was attributed to non-specific associations. Irradiation with 10 J cm(-2) of 660 nm light after treatment of cells with Ce-6-LDL conjugate reduced the MTT activity by 80%, while free or mixed Ce-6 induced a maximum of 10% reduction in the MTT activity following identical treatment conditions. These data suggest that targeting of LDL receptor-bearing cells using covalently bound carriers, such as LDL, might increase the efficiency and selectivity of PDT. Intraocular tumours such as retinoblastomas could be appropriate targets for such an approach owing to the ease of access of light sources and the need for non-invasive approaches in sensitive ocular sites.},
   keywords = {photochemistry
ocular
neovascularization
chlorin
bladder-carcinoma cells
receptor-mediated uptake
plasma-lipoproteins
endothelial-cells
human fibroblasts
cellular-uptake
therapy
tumor
benzoporphyrin
cancer},
   ISSN = {0007-0920},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1038/Bjc.1997.9},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WA34400009},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996-3,
   author = {Brinkmann, R and Knipper, A and Dröge, G and Gafumbegete, D and Miller, A and Gromoll, B and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Ureterotomy with a pulsed Holmium Laser},
   journal = {Proc LASER '95, Springer Verlag},
   pages = {16-19},
   year = { 1996},
url = { https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-80264-5_3},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann-1996-6,
   author = {Koop, N;Brinkmann, R and Schirner, G},
   title = {Verwendung des konfokalen Laserscanverfahrens zur Bestimmung der Hornhaut-topographie und der kornealen Gewebseffekte bei der refraktiven Hornhautchirurgie: Hornhaut},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe (Berlin. Print)},
   volume = {93(3)},
   
   pages = {247-251},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   year = { 1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Nahen,
   author = {Nahen, K. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Plasma Formation in Water by Picosecond and Nanosecond Nd: YAG Laser Pulses - Part II: Transmission, Scattering, and Reflection},
   journal = {IEEE},
   volume = {2},
   number = {4},
   pages = {861-871},
   year = {1996}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996-5,
   author = {Verges, D;Mentzel, H;Dröge, G;Brinkman, R;Krüger, S and Stange, E F},
   title = {Über die Schnittwirkung des Holmium-Lasers in der Magen-und Darmschleimhaut des Schweines},
   journal = {Lasermedizin},
   volume = {12},
keywords = {Holmium, Endoskopie, Polypktomie, Gewebeabtragung},
   pages = {9-16},
   year = { 1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996-4,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Kamm, K. and Geerling, G. and Kampmeier, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser thermokeratoplasty: an in vitro and in vivo-study by means of a Continous Wave Mid-IR laser diode.},
   journal = {Lasermedizin},
   volume = {12},
   pages = {179-186},
   year = { 1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wetzel1996,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Schroer, F. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Photofragmentation of lens nuclei using the Er:YAG laser: Preliminary report of an in vitro study},
   journal = {Ger J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {5(5)},
  
   pages = {281-284},
   note = {Vq341
Times Cited:13
Cited References Count:12},
   abstract = {The energy of the erbium:YAG laser (2,940-nm wave-length) can be used for minimally traumatic photoablation due to its high absorption at the tissue water and its consequently low penetration depth. Laser sclerostomy ab externo, an application of this principle, has undergone advanced clinical investigation. Another potential application is photofragmentation of the lens for cataract extraction. A laboratory model Er: YAG laser (flashlamp-pumped, 200-mu s pulse length, 5-Hz repetition frequency) was coupled to a short low-OH quartz fiber (400 mu m in diameter). The laser energy was applied by direct contact of the fiber tip to human lenses with very dense cataract. The lenses rested in a small cuvette filled with an aqueous-humor-analogous fluid. The fragmentablation rate was evaluated in relation to the number of pulses and the pulse energy. A laser-triggered flash-photography unit was engaged to visualize the ablation dynamics. We found tissue-ablation rates to range from 4 to 19 mu g/pulse, depending on the nucleus density and ulse energy. The maximal size of the removed fragments was always below 500 mu m During ablation, rapidly increasing and collapsing cavitation bubbles were photographed at the distal tip of the application fiber. The impact radius of these cavitation effects markedly exceeded the pure penetration depth of laser radiation at a 2.9-mu m wavelength. A clinical application of the method should be possible as judged by the results obtained for tissue-ablation rate and fragment size. Cavitation-bubble dynamics seems to be responsible for the high fragmentation efficiency. Special application probes have to be developed to optimize ablation and to prevent inadvertent destruction of the posterior lens capsule by cavitation effects.},
   keywords = {phacoemulsification
er:yag laser
cavitation effects
ablation
surgery},
   ISSN = {0941-2921},
  url = {https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/7016223},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996,
   author = {Wetzel, W;Brinkmann, R;Koop, N;Schröer, F and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Photofragmentation of lens nuclei using the Er: YAG laser: preliminary report of an in vitro study},
   journal = {Ger J ophthalmol},
   volume = {5(5)},
  
   pages = {281-284},
   ISSN = {0941-2921},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1996,
   author = {SchmidtErfurth, U. and Miller, J. and Sickerberg, M. and Strong, A. and Hoehne, U. and Fsachi, M. and Birngruber, R. and vandenBerg, H. and Laqua, H. and Gragoudas, E. and Zografos, L. and Bressler, N.},
   title = {Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization using benzoporphyrin derivative: First results of a multi-center trial},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37},
   number = {3},
   pages = {580-580},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39700579},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1996,
   author = {Schmidt Erfurth, U; Birngruber, R and Hasan, T},
   title = {Photodynamic therapy in ocular vascular disease},
   journal = {Ieee Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
  
   pages = {988-996},
   note = {Xd616
Times Cited:5
Cited References Count:57},
   abstract = {Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel therapeutical approach which is noninvasive and potentially selective for neoplastic pathologies, Association of photosensitizers with low density lipoprotein (LDL) leads to direct targeting of the treated lesions with enhanced efficiency and selectivity. LDL-mediated PDT is particularly useful in the treatment of neovascular structures since LDL receptors are abundantly expressed on vascular endothelial cells, To evaluate the potential of selective photodynamic vasoocclusion in ocular neovascular disease a sequence of experiments was designed: Efficiency of the LDL-carrier was tested in vitro, the system was then transfered to an in vivo model demonstrating a vascularized neoplasm, Occlusion was successfully performed in experimentally induced neovascularization in the cornea, while selective photothrombosis of subretinal vasculature revealed lack of collateral damage, The experimental results were used to establish a first clinical trial for the use of PDT in age-related macular degeneration, one of the leading causes for blindness.},
   keywords = {low-density-lipoprotein
receptor activity
plasma-lipoproteins
singlet oxygen
cells-invitro
murine tumor
hematoporphyrin
invivo
benzoporphyrin
retinoblastoma},
   ISSN = {1077-260X},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1109/2944.577328},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996XD61600025},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1996,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Indorf, L. and Soultanopoulos, D. and Droge, G. and Eggers, H. and SchmidtErfurth, U.},
   title = {Photodynamic occlusion of ocular neovascularization: Preclinical evaluation of liposomal zinc phthalocyanine},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37},
   number = {3},
   pages = {4214-4214},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39704208},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pan,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Lankenau, E. and Welzel, J. and Birngruber, R. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {Optical Coherence - Gated imaging of Biological Tissues},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {2},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1029-1034},
   year = {1996}
}

@article{RN5186,
   author = {Gerling, G;Vogel, A;Koop, N;Dröge, G;Birngruber, R and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Morphological and biomorphometrical observations on laser thermal keratoplasty. Histological and biomorphometrical examination of the relationship between refractive change and the volume following Cr: Tm: Ho: YAG laser treatment},
   journal = {Ger J ophthalmol},
   volume = {5(2)},
  
   pages = {84-91},
   ISSN = {0941-2921},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gerling1996,
   author = {Gerling, G. and Vogel, A. and ElHifnawi, E. and Koop, N. and Droge, G. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {Morphological and biomorphometrical observations on laser thermal keratoplasty - Histological and biomorphometrical examination of the relationship between refractive change and the volume of laser thermal keratoplasty lesions following Cr:Tm:Ho:YAG laser treatment},
   journal = {German Journal of Ophthalmology},
   volume = {5},
   number = {2},
   pages = {84-91},
   note = {Vf915
Times Cited:4
Cited References Count:21},
   abstract = {Laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK) is currently under clinical trial for the correction of hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism by means of collagen coagulation in the peripheral cornea. The purpose of our study was to optimize the ratio between the volume of damaged corneal stroma and the refractive effect so as to minimize potential side effects such as endothelial damage or induction of glare phenomena. We therefore performed histological and morphometrical examinations of enucleated pig eyes to determine the relationship between the coagulated stromal volume and the refractive change after LTK using a pulsed Cr: Tm: Ho: YAG laser (wavelength 2.12 mu m) on enucleated pig eyes. The refractive change was documented with a Littman ophthalmometer. Morphometrical analysis was performed using polarized light microscopy of sirius red-stained specimens. This special stain separated the thermally changed stroma into a dark, nonbirefringent center and a birefringent peripheral zone. The volume of both zones was positively correlated with the refractive change induced. The volume was in turn influenced by the choice of laser parameters, From the ratio of the volume to the refractive change it was found that pulse energies above 30 mJ led to an enlargement of the coagulation volume without increasing the refractive change effectively. The use of high pulse energies did not improve the effect of LTK but only increased the risk of unwanted side effects. However, an increase in the laser repetition rate at a constant pulse number per spot led to refractive changes with a minimal coagulation volume. The highest relative refractive change was achieved with a dark central zone and a birefringent zone, each having a volume of about 50 - 80 x 10(-3) mm(3).},
   keywords = {laser thermal keratoplasty
hyperopic correction
biomorphometry
sirius red stain
polarization microscopy
organization
microscopy
collagen},
   ISSN = {0941-2921},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996VF91500004},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1996,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Engelhardt, R. and Behnle, U. and Parlitz, U.},
   title = {Minimization of cavitation effects in pulsed laser ablation illustrated on laser angioplasty},
   journal = {Appl Phys B},
   volume = {62},
   pages = {173-182},
   year = {1996}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996-2,
   author = {Brinkmann, R;Koop, N;Kamm, K;Geerling, G;Kampmeier, J and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Laser Thermokeratoplasty: an in vitro and in vivo study by means of a cw mid-IR laser diode},
   journal = {Laser Medizin},
   volume = {12},
Keywords = {Brechkraftänderung, Denaturierung, Hyperopie-Korrektur, Koagulation, Kollagen-Kontraaktion, Kornea, Temperaturberechnung},
   pages = {179-186},
   year = { 1996},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60306-8_83},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gillies,
   author = {Gillies, R. and Kollias, N. and Hasan, T. and Diddens, H.},
   title = {Spectral characterization of the benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring-A photoproduct formed in fetal calf solutions during irradiation with 694 nm continuous-wave radiation},
   journal = {J Photochem Photobiol B},
   volume = {33},
   number = {1},
   pages = {87-90},
   abstract = {Benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA) is a second-generation photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) that has shown good results in phase I clinical trials. Similar to other porphyrin derivatives, BPD-MA readily photobleaches during in-vivo PDT treatment. This study investigated the photodegradation of BPD-MA in fetal calf serum (FCS) solutions in vitro. Absorption and fluorescence spectra from dilute solutions of BPD-MA in 10% FCS were recorded before and immediately after irradiation with light at 694 nm. After irradiation, the appearance of a new fluorescence emission band at 650 nm and changes in the fluorescence excitation spectra indicate the formation of a photoproduct. Photoproduct formation was observed only when BPD-MA was bound to FCS and in oxygenated solutions. The spectroscopy of the photoproduct is consistent with the reaction of an oxygen species with the ring B vinyl group, forming a hydroxyaldehyde photoproduct. Monitoring the increase in photoproduct fluorescence during treatment may provide an in-vivo dosimeter to measure PDT efficacy.},
   year = {1996}
}

@article{Kampmeier1996,
   author = {Kampmeier, J. and Brinkmann, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK): Biomechanical properties and IR-laser induced forces in porcine cornea.},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37},
   number = {3},
   pages = {301-301},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39700301},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Geerling1996,
   author = {Geerling, G. and Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Klingemann, I. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser thermokeratoplasty - Experimental study in minipigs with a cw-IR laser diode},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37},
   number = {3},
   pages = {304-304},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39700304},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wetzel1996,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and SchmidtErfurth, U. and Spiegel, D. and Jacobi, P. and Buhl, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser sclerostomy ab externo using a new Er:YAG laser device. A clinical multicenter study - Laser sclerostomy study group},
   journal = {Vision Research},
   volume = {36},
   pages = {2414-2414},
   note = {Suppl. S
Vr898
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0042-6989},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996VR89800185},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Zwaan,
   author = {Zwaan, M. and Behnle, U. and Engelhardt, R. and Vogel, A. and Kloess, W. and Birngruber, R. and Weiss, H. D.},
   title = {In-vitro-Untersuchungen zur gepulsten Laserangioplastie in flüssigem und gasförmigem Medium.},
   journal = {Fortschr Röntgenstr},
   volume = {164},
   number = {1},
   pages = {68-71},
   year = {1996}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996-2,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and AsiyoVogel, M. N. and Kaftan, B. and Birngruber, R. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {CW-IR laser thermokeratoplasty: Refractive changes and analysis by optical coherence tomography and light microscopy},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37(3)},
   
   pages = {305-305},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39700305},
   year = { 1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Novo,
   author = {Novo, M. and Hüttmann, G. and Diddens, H.},
   title = {Chemical instability of 5-aminolevulinic acid used in the fluorescence diagnosis of bladder tumours},
   journal = {J Photoch Photobio},
   volume = {34},
   pages = {143-148},
   year = {1996}
}

@article{Roider1996,
   author = {Roider, J. and Lindemann, C. and Droge, G. and ElHifnawi, E. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selective RPE-photocoagulation with repetitive 200 ns subthreshold laser pulses},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37},
   number = {3},
   pages = {3585-3585},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39703579},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1996,
   author = {SchmidtErfurth, U. and Flotte, T. J. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Schomacker, K. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Benzoporphyrin-lipoprotein-mediated photodestruction of intraocular tumors},
   journal = {Experimental Eye Research},
   volume = {62},
   number = {1},
   pages = {1-10},
   note = {Tt612
Times Cited:22
Cited References Count:43},
   abstract = {Benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD), a sensitizer currently in clinical trials, was evaluated for the treatment of experimental Greene melanoma implanted in the rabbit iris. To improve tumor targeting, BPD was complexed with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) representing an endogenous carrier system for BPD as previously described. Twelve tumors were irradiated at a sensitizer dose of 2 mg kg(-1) body weight using a dye laser at 692 nm. Tumor responses were documented by photography, angiography and light and electron microscopy. All tumors treated with 80 J cm(-2) regressed irreversibly. The principal mechanism of tumor necrosis was thrombosis following disruption of endothelial membranes. Ultrastructure data suggested tumor cell damage, although evidence for this being the result of direct PDT-mediated tumor cell death was less clear. These data suggest that BPD-LDL may be used to improve the selectivity of photodynamic tumor therapy possibly by the increased uptake of lipoprotein-delivered sensitizer to neovascular endothelial cells. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited},
   keywords = {photodynamic therapy
benzoporphyrin derivative
low-density lipoprotein
intraocular tumors, in vivo
photodynamic therapy
plasma-lipoproteins
malignant-melanoma
cholesterol-metabolism
endothelial-cells
hematoporphyrin
photosensitization
photoimmunotherapy
biodistribution
invitro},
   ISSN = {0014-4835},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1006/exer.1996.0001},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TT61200001},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996-1,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Hansen, C. and Mohrenstecher, D. and Scheu, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Analysis of cavitation dynamics during pulsed laser tissue ablation by optical on-line monitoring},
   journal = {Ieee Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
   volume = {2(4)},
   
   pages = {826-835},
   note = {Xd616
Times Cited:20
Cited References Count:24},
   abstract = {Flashlamp pumped mid-IR laser systems emitting in the 23-mu m wavelength range are widely used for various medical applications, especially for tissue ablation, Explosive evaporation is inevitably associated with this process due to the short pulse durations of these laser systems and the high absorption of tissue and water in this spectral regime, Tissue displacement and dissection occur in liquid environment as a consequence of the induced cavitation, Depending on the application these processes might enhance the tissue ablation but can also cause adverse tissue effects, The ablation dynamics were investigated by evaluating the change in rejected probe-light intensity reemitted from the application fiber tip. The ablated cavity and the signal was correlated to fast-flash photographs of the event. Based on this reflection signal a water/tissue discrimination system is introduced which can widely support medical laser applications. In laser sclerostomy ab externo, for example, this approach can be used as a feedback system to automatically control the ablation process. With such a system, adverse effects to adjacent tissue in the anterior chamber of the eye can be minimized.},
   ISSN = {1077-260X},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1109/2944.577305},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996XD61600006},
   year = { 1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Busch, S.},
   title = {Shock wave emission and cavitation bubble generation by picosecond and nanosecond optical breakdown in water},
   journal = {J Acoust Soc Am},
   volume = {100},
   pages = {148-165},
   year = {1996}
}

@article{Vogel1996,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Nahen, K. and Theisen, D and Noack, J.},
   title = {Plasma Formation in Water by Picosecond and Nanosecond Nd: YAG Laser Pulses - Part I: Optical Breakdown at Threshold and Superthreshold Irradiance.},
   journal = {IEEE},
   volume = {2},
   number = {4},
   pages = {847-860},
   year = {1996}
}

@article{Roider1995,
   author = {Roider, J. and Schmidterfurth, U. and Hoerauf, H. and Lasser, T. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Contact Diode-Laser Cyclophotocoagulation (Cpc) with a New Focusing Fiber Tip},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {36},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S559-S559},
   note = {Qm915
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995QM91502590},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1995,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Schroer, F. and Mohrenstecher, D. and Droge, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Ablation Dynamics in Laser Sclerostomy Ab-Externo},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {36},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S558-S558},
   note = {Qm915
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995QM91502583},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wetzel1995,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Haring, G. and Roider, J. and Droge, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser sclerostomy ab externo using two different infrared lasers: a clinical comparison},
   journal = {Ger J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {1},
   pages = {1-6},
   note = {0941-2921 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   abstract = {This study was designed to compare the clinical results of an ab externo approach to laser sclerostomy using two different laser sources under identical conditions. A pulsed (200 microseconds) erbium-YAG laser (lambda = 2940 nm) and a pulsed (200 microseconds) holmium:YAG laser (lambda = 2120 nm) were used. The energy of each laser was transmitted via a fiber (300 microns in diameter) and applied near the limbus, with the fiber tip remaining in steady contact with the sclera. According to the higher tissue absorption coefficient, a shorter penetration depth and, therefore, fewer complications were expected for the Er:YAG laser. A total of 26 patients with advanced open-angle glaucoma were treated and followed for up to 6 months. In all cases a functioning fistula with a prominent filtering bleb and a marked reduction in the intraocular pressure (from up to 35 mm Hg to < 10 mm Hg) could be achieved primarily. The total energy required was about 4 times lower for erbium:YAG laser was compared with holmium:YAG laser sclerostomies. No complication occurred intraoperatively. Postoperatively, reversible adherence of the iris to the internal ostium was more frequently observed in Ho:YAG laser sclerostomies (60%) and small hyphemas were more often seen in Er:YAG laser sclerostomies (30%). After 6 months of follow-up, about 40% of the fistula remained patent in both groups. In principle, both lasers are suited to serve as energy sources for the described approach. Under the conditions of the present study, different levels of thermal effects did not cause any significant difference in the clinical success rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
   keywords = {Adult
Chronic Disease
Follow-Up Studies
Glaucoma, Open-Angle/*surgery
Humans
Intraocular Pressure
Laser Surgery/*methods
Middle Aged
Ostomy
Postoperative Complications
Prognosis
Sclera/surgery
*Sclerostomy},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7728103},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Reichle,
   author = {Reichle, A. and Diddens, H. and Altmayr, F. and Rastetter, J. and Andreesen, R.},
   title = {Beta-tubulin and P-glycoprotein: Major determinants of vincristine accumulation in B-CLL cells},
   journal = {Leuk Res},
   volume = {19},
   number = {11},
   pages = {823-829},
   abstract = {Vincristine (VCR) accumulation in chronic lymphatic leukemia of B-cell origin (B-CLL) has recently been shown not to be inversely correlated to P-glycoprotein (PGP) levels. Therefore, we studied, in addition to PGP expression and accumulation of VCR, the cellular ?-tubulin content in quiescent and rhIL-2 activated B-CLL cells. VCR mediates cytotoxicity by binding to tubulin. Constitutive ?-tubulin levels in B-CLL cells varied considerably. Upon activation with rhIL-2, ?-tubulin expression increased significantly. Therefore, tubulin levels could be correlated over a wide range to VCR accumulation. When the PGP-mediated drug efflux was blocked by verapamil (VRP), tubulin levels correlated linearly to VCR accumulation. All B-CLL cases expressed PGP at different levels. There was no linear correlation between PGP expression and VCR accumulation. A modulation factor m was defined as a quotient of VCR accumulation in the presence and absence of VRP to define the extent by which VRP inhibited a steady-state accumulation of VCR. The factor allowed discrimination between B-CLLs expressing low versus high PGP, irrespective of the levels of tubulin. However, PGP and ?-tubulin levels together were predictive for VCR accumulation in steady state. There was no uniform accumulation defect for VCR in B-cell CLL because ?-tubulin and PGP were expressed independently. Non PGP-mediated VCR transport seems to play a minor role in B-cell CLL. Leukemia-associated varying of cytoskeletal organization in B-cell CLL might be one reason for the diverse cellular responses to receptor-mediated signals.},
   keywords = {Multidrug resistance
tubulin
vincristine
B-CLL},
   year = {1995}
}

@article{Toth1995,
   author = {Toth, C. A. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Boppart, S. A. and Hee, M. R. and Dicarlo, C. D. and Cain, C. P. and Roach, W. P.},
   title = {Correlation between Optical Coherence Tomography, Clinical Examination and Histopathology of Macular Laser Lesions},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {36},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S207-S207},
   note = {Qm915
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995QM91500948},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wetzel1995,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and Otto, R. and Falkenstein, W. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Development of a new Er: YAG laser conception for laser sclerostomy ab externo: experimental and first clinical results},
   journal = {Ger J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {5},
   pages = {283-8},
   note = {0941-2921 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The erbium:YAG laser is a preferable energy source for laser sclerostomy ab externo due to the high absorption of its radiation (2940-nm wavelength) in the aqueous parts of scleral tissue. It has thus far been a disadvantage that laser energy has to be transmitted from the laser source to the application site via very susceptible special optical fibers (ZrF). As a consequence of technical improvements, the laser source could be integrated into the application probe. Therefore, only a robust quartz fiber was necessary for contact application. A fiber diameter of 400 microns was chosen according to the experience gained in previous studies. A total of 24 eyes with chronical open-angle glaucoma were treated. A fistula end-point detection unit was developed for safe indication of a full-thickness perforation of the sclera. With a fiber diameter of 400 microns, a postoperative success rate of about 54% was achieved at 6 months follow-up. The automated full-thickness perforation detection prevented the application of additional, surplus laser pulses in the anterior chamber. The postoperative success rate could be improved over that achieved in previous studies. The new device/conception offers more technical reliability and is a further step toward minimally invasive fistulating laser surgery of open-angle glaucoma.},
   keywords = {Erbium
Follow-Up Studies
Glaucoma, Open-Angle/*surgery
Humans
Laser Surgery/instrumentation/*methods
Sclera/*surgery
Treatment Outcome},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7496339},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schirner1995,
   author = {Schirner, G. and Brinkmann, R. and Droge, G. and Koop, N. and Elhifnawi, E. S. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Experimental Studies to Optimize Laser-Thermokeratoplasty Using Pulsed and Cw-Laser-Sources},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {36},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S716-S716},
   note = {Qm915
Times Cited:3
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995QM91503294},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schirner1995,
   author = {Schirner, G. and Koop, N. and Elhifnawi, E. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {Experiments with Pulsed and Continuous-Wave Laser Sources to Optimize Laserthermo-Keratoplasty},
   journal = {Vision Research},
   volume = {35},
   pages = {P167-P167},
   note = {Suppl. S
Rz562
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0042-6989},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995RZ56200472},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Goldau1995,
   author = {Goldau, R. and Twilfer, H. and Zwaan, M. and Morrin, M. and Marquardt, U. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {In-vivo fluorescence spectroscopy of abdominal and iliac arterial in humans.},
   journal = {Lasermedizin},
   volume = {11},
   pages = {212-218},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1995,
   author = {Schmidterfurth, U. and Hasan, T. and Schomacker, K. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {In-Vivo Uptake of Liposomal Benzoporphyrin Derivative and Photothrombosis in Experimental Corneal Neovascularization},
   journal = {Lasers in Surgery and Medicine},
   volume = {17},
   number = {2},
   pages = {178-188},
   note = {Rw607
Times Cited:72
Cited References Count:39},
   abstract = {Background and Objective: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used successfully to occlude neovascularizations experimentally. We evaluated the vasoocclusive potential of benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD), a new photosensitizer currently in clinical trials. Since liposomally formulated BPD strongly binds to endogenous low density lipoproteins (LDL) after i.v. injection, LDL act as carrier to deliver BPD preferentially 60 proliferating endothelial cells.
Study Design/Materials and Methods: Corneal neovascularizations in rabbits were used as model. Time-dependent uptake and retention of liposomal BPD were measured in vivo by monitoring the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Photothrombosis was induced using a dye laser emitting at 692 nm.
Results: A maximal BPD concentration was measured at 60-90 minutes postinjection determining the optimal time interval for treatment. Exposures as low as 10 J/cm(2) allowed complete and irreversible neovascular occlusion as documented angiographically. Histology revealed selective endothelial damage, adjacent corneal stroma, or iris vessels, remained intact. Identical results were obtained using BPD directly complexed with LDL suggesting use of a LDL-mediated pathway.
Conclusion: We suggest BPD-PDT for a selective treatment of neovascular diseases. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
   keywords = {benzoporphyrin derivative
ocular photothrombosis
liposomes
cornea
neovascularization
low-density lipoprotein
photodynamic therapy
laser photocoagulation
photochemical initiation
vascular occlusion
lipid keratopathy
endothelial-cells
feeder vessels
thrombosis
hematoporphyrin},
   ISSN = {0196-8092},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1002/lsm.1900170207},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995RW60700006},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pan,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Birngruber, R. and Rosperich, J. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {Low-coherence optical tomography in turbid tissue: theoretical analysis.},
   journal = {Appl Optics},
   volume = {34},
   number = {28},
   pages = {6564-6574},
   year = {1995}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1995,
   author = {Schmidterfurth, U; Droge, G; Wetzel, W  and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Mitomycin-C in Laser Sclerostomy - Time of Administration and Postoperative Hypotony},
   journal = {Invest Ophthal & VisScie},
   
   pages = {S89-S89},
   note = {Qm915
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995QM91500432},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Inderfurth1995,
   author = {Inderfurth, J. and Ferguson, R. D. and Puliafito, C. A. and Frish, M. B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Reflection measurement during retinal laser coagulation in patients. Development of an automatically controlled dosimeter]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {92},
   number = {5},
   pages = {717-22},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Retinal laser coagulation has limited reproducibility, because every laser exposition is unpredictably affected by pigmentation and media opacities. This can lead to complications. A feedback-controlled dosimeter would make retinal laser treatment a safer, more reproducible and faster procedure. METHOD: A reflectometer was developed that allows monitoring of the reflection of laser light during standard photocoagulation. Hundreds of coagulations in rabbit eyes and about 12,000 coagulations in patients undergoing routine laser treatment were recorded. RESULTS: The results of the first reflectance measurements in humans are presented along with extensive animal studies. A typical reflectance history was found for different lesion intensities. The degree of retinal whitening correlates with reflectance characteristics. These characteristics allow an early prediction of lesion intensity. Motion during laser exposure affects each coagulation in a fashion similar to spot size and exposure time. CONCLUSION: Reflectometry is the currently most effective means of monitoring lesion development. An automatic dosimeter for retinal photocoagulation seems feasible.},
   keywords = {Animals
Equipment Design
Feasibility Studies
Humans
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Rabbits
Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted/*instrumentation
Retinal Diseases/*surgery
Treatment Outcome},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8751004},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Binkmann1994,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Dröge, G. and Koop, N. and Wördemann, A. and Schirner, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Investigations on laser thermokeratoplasty},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {6},
   number = {4},
   pages = {259 - 270},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1994,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Asiyo-Vogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Intrastromal refractive corneal surgery with pico-second Nd:YAG laser pulses]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {5},
   pages = {655-62},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {Intrastromal laser surgery with picosecond pulses aims to achieve refractive changes of the cornea without damaging the epithelium, Bowman's membrane, or the endothelium. For that, a tissue layer with well-defined thickness has to be evaporated by creating laser plasmas within the corneal stroma. We investigated the plasma formation and the plasma-induced shock wave emission and bubble generation (cavitation) in the cornea, as well as the tissue effects and the range for endothelial damage. The laser light source used was an Nd:YAG laser emitting pulses with a duration of 30 ps at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. Intrastromal plasma formation and cavitation were investigated in sheep eyes in vitro by means of time-resolved macro-photography with 20 ns exposure time. Photographs were taken at various delay times (3 microseconds-2 min) after the release of the Nd:YAG laser pulse. The morphology of the laser effects and the incidence of endothelial damage was investigated by light-microscopic inspection of histological cross sections of the irradiated corneas. The minimal plasma size at energies close to the breakdown threshold was about 40 microns. Using a laser effects could be created without causing microscopically detectable damage to the epithelium, endothelium, or Bowman's membrane. To avoid damage, the distance between endothelium and laser focus had to be larger than 150 microns. Shock wave-induced tissue damage was not observed, although the maximum shock wave pressure was up to 13 kbar. The laser-generated intrastromal cavities are at least 10 times larger than the plasma volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
   keywords = {Animals
Corneal Stroma/pathology/*surgery
Endothelium, Corneal/pathology
Epithelium/pathology
Equipment Design
Laser Surgery/*instrumentation
*Refraction, Ocular
Sheep
Surface Properties},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7812100},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1994,
   author = {Schmidt Erfurth, U. and Diddens, H. and Bamberg, M. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Carrier-Mediated Targeting in Photodynamic Therapy of Retinoblastoma Cells},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2119-2119},
   note = {Mz585
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MZ58504004},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Reichle,
   author = {Reichle, A. and Diddens, H. and Altmayr, F. and Rastetter, J. and Andreesen, R.},
   title = {Chemomodulation of drugs involved in multiple resistance in chronic lymphatic leukemia of the B-cell type},
   journal = {Cancer Chemother Pharmacol.
},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {307-16},
   year = {1994}
}

@article{Inderfurth1994,
   author = {Inderfurth, J. H. and Ferguson, R. D. and Frish, M. B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Dynamic reflectometer for control of laser photocoagulation on the retina},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {15},
   number = {1},
   pages = {54-61},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {In retinal laser photocoagulation, constant exposure parameters do not result in identical lesions. This lack of reproducibility increases the rate of complications from over- or undertreatment and inhibits determination of the optimal treatment endpoints for different retinal disorders. To this end, a feedback-controlled photocoagulator could make retinal photocoagulation a safer, more reproducible, and faster procedure. A dynamic confocal reflectometer was integrated into a slit lamp laser delivery system. Real-time reflectance changes on the retinas of pigmented rabbits were obtained by monitoring the increasing back-scattered light of the coagulating beam during argon laser photocoagulation. Reproducible temporal reflectance patterns were measured that correlated with ophthalmoscopically assessed lesion intensity independent of the exposure parameters, the transparency of the optical media, and the focusing conditions. As a step toward the development of a feedback-controlled photocoagulator, the confocal reflectometer has been proven in animal trials closely resembling clinical practice.},
   keywords = {Animals
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation/methods
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7997048},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schirner1994,
   author = {Schirner, G. and Huber, A. and Wordemann, A. and Droge, G. and el-Hifnawi, E. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {[Experimental studies on the effect of the Er:glass and Cr:Tm:Ho:YAG laser in thermokeratoplasty]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {5},
   pages = {638-45},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {So far the dose-effect ratio of the Holmium laser (wavelength 2.12 microns) and the erbium laser (1.54 microns) for laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) are not defined in detail. Our study was designed not only to compare the erbium contact and the holmium non-contact applications but also to throw light on the influence of different geometrical application patterns, pulse energies, pulses per coagulation site and repetition rates under experimental conditions. Enucleated sheep and pig eyes were used 2-6 h post mortem, pressurized to 25 mmHg and moisturized with saline solution. Before and after LTK, pachymetry and keratometry were performed. Some specimens were prepared for light and scanning microscopy. The coagulation threshold for the erbium laser in a contact mode with a 200-microns fibre was 25 J/cm2 (ca. 8 mJ/pulse) and for the holmium laser 8 J/cm2 (ca. 2.5 mJ/pulse). The erbium laser was used in a single shot per spot mode, the holmium laser in repeated pulse per spot mode. With the single shot per spot mode, we were able to induce a promising hyperopic shift of up to -3.47 +/- 0.61 D, while myopic changes could only be induced up to +1.89 +/- 0.74 D. Higher changes of up to +8.27 +/- 1.3 D could be achieved by means of repeated pulses per spot (20 pulses, 45 mJ, 10 Hz). Our experiments showed an obvious increase of dioptric changes when using a higher repetition rate while pulse energy and number were kept constant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
   keywords = {Animals
Cornea/pathology
Corneal Transplantation/*instrumentation/pathology
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Myopia/pathology/surgery
Refraction, Ocular
Sheep
Swine},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7812097},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1994,
   author = {Schirner, G;Huber, A;Wördemann, A;GRÖGE, G; El-Hifnawi, E; Birngruber, R and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Wirkung des Er: Glas-und Cr: TM: Ho: YAG-Lasers bei der Thermokeratoplastik},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe (Berlin. Print)},
   volume = {91},
   number = {5},
   pages = {638-645},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hee1994,
   author = {Hee, M. R. and Izatt, J. A. and Swanson, E. A. and Huang, D. and Lin, C. P. and Schuman, J. S. and Puliafito, C. A. and Inderfurth, J. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G.},
   title = {In-Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography of the Anterior Segment},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2078-2078},
   note = {Mz585
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MZ58503806},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lin1994,
   author = {Lin, C. P. and Weaver, Y. K. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Intraocular microsurgery with a picosecond Nd:YAG laser},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {15},
   number = {1},
   pages = {44-53},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {We investigated the use of picosecond Nd:YAG laser pulses for intraocular microsurgery. With a pulse duration of 100 picoseconds, only 70 microJ of pulse energy is required to consistently produce optical breakdown in the deep vitreous. This pulse energy is nearly two orders of magnitude less than the typical pulse energies used in conventional (nanosecond) photodisruptors. The reduced pulse energy results in a smaller zone of tissue damage, an important consideration when operating close to the retina or other sensitive ocular structures. Efficient cutting action is achieved by applying multiple pulses at a moderately high repetition rate of 50-200 Hz. An in vitro model was developed to assess axial confinement of picosecond photodisruption. In vivo vitreous membrane surgery was performed in experimental rabbit eyes to demonstrate a potential clinical application of picosecond laser-induced optical breakdown.},
   keywords = {3T3 Cells
Animals
Cell Membrane
Cells, Cultured
Disease Models, Animal
Eye Diseases/pathology/surgery
Laser Surgery/instrumentation/*methods
Mice
Microsurgery/instrumentation/*methods
Rabbits
Vitreous Body/pathology/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7997047},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1994,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Asiyovogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Investigations on Intrastromal Refractive Surgery with Picosecond Nd-Yag Laser-Pulses},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2155-2155},
   note = {Mz585
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MZ58504161},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Capon, M. R. and Asiyo-Vogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Intraocular photodisruption with picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses: tissue effects in cornea, lens, and retina},
   journal = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci},
   volume = {35},
   number = {7},
   pages = {3032-44},
   note = {0146-0404 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE. Nd:YAG laser photodisruption with nanosecond (ns) pulses in the millijoule range is an established tool for intraocular surgery. This study investigates tissue effects in cornea, lens, and retina to assess whether picosecond (ps) pulses with energies in the microjoule range can increase the surgical precision, reduce collateral damage, and allow applications requiring more localized tissue effects than can be achieved with ns pulses. METHODS. Both ps and ns Nd:YAG laser effects on Descemet's membrane, in the corneal stroma, in the lens, and at the retina were investigated in vitro in bovine and sheep eyes and in cataractous human lens nuclei. For each tissue, the optical breakdown threshold was determined. The morphology of the tissue effects and the damage range of the laser pulses were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The cavitation bubble dynamics during the formation of corneal intrastromal laser effects were documented by time-resolved photography. RESULTS. The optical breakdown threshold for ps pulses in clear cornea, lens, and vitreous is, on average, 12 times lower than that for ns pulses. In cataractous lens nuclei, it is lower by a factor of 7. Using ps pulses, Descemet's membrane could be dissected with fewer disruptive side effects than with ns pulses, whereby the damage range decreased by a factor of 3. The range for retinal damage was only 0.5 mm when 200 microJ ps pulses were focused into the vitreous. Picosecond pulses could be used for corneal intrastromal tissue evaporation without damaging the corneal epithelium or endothelium, when the pulses were applied in the anterior part of the stroma. The range for endothelial damage was 150 microns at 80 microJ pulse energy. Intrastromal corneal refractive surgery is compromised by the laser-induced cavitation effects. Tissue displacement during bubble expansion is more pronounced than tissue evaporation, and irregular bubble formation creates difficulties in producing predictable refractive changes. CONCLUSIONS. The use of ps pulses improves the precision of intraocular Nd:YAG laser surgery and diminishes unwanted disruptive side effects, thereby widening the field of potential applications. Promising fields for further studies are intrastromal corneal refractive surgery, cataract fragmentation, membrane cutting, and vitreolysis close to the retina.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cattle
Cornea/injuries/surgery/*ultrastructure
Laser Surgery/adverse effects/instrumentation/*methods
Lens, Crystalline/injuries/surgery/*ultrastructure
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Retina/injuries/surgery/*ultrastructure
Sheep},
   year = {1994}
}

@article{Hettlich1994,
   author = {Hettlich, H. J. and Lucke, K. and Asiyo-Vogel, M. N. and Schulte, M. and Vogel, Alfred},
   title = {Lens refilling and endocapsular polymerization of an injectable intraocular lens: in vitro and in vivo study of potential risks and benefits},
   journal = {J Cataract Refract Surg},
   volume = {20},
   number = {2},
   pages = {115-23},
   note = {Using Smart Source Parsing
Mar},
   abstract = {Endocapsular cataract removal and injection of a liquid artificial lens has several advantages, including restitution of accommodation, small corneoscleral incision, a more physiological position of the intraocular lens, and a reduced rate of secondary opacification. Our technique consists of bimanual phacofragmentation followed by injection of a fluid monomeric material that can be polymerized inside the capsular bag by short light exposure. Our study assessed the potential risks of the technique (e.g., heat damage to ocular tissue, light damage to the retina) and investigated the technique in vivo. We performed in vitro experiments on porcine cadaver eyes and an in vivo study on 15 rabbits. After a clinical follow-up of at least 12 weeks, the eyes were investigated histopathologically. During the polymerization process, the highest temperature measured at the posterior lens capsule was 45.1 degrees Celsius for a few seconds. The measured irradiance (0.065 watts per cm2) and the risk of photochemical damage to the retina during 20 seconds of polymerization were comparable to that caused by 1.5 minutes of standard coaxial illumination with the operating microscope. In vivo there were no serious inflammatory reactions except in four cases in which there had been intraoperative problems. The rate of secondary opacification appeared less than in conventional intraocular lens implantation in rabbits, especially when the capsule refilled completely. Retinal damage could not be detected histopathologically. In conclusion, refilling techniques may be successful once appropriate refilling materials become available.},
   ISSN = {0886-3350 (Print)
0886-3350 (Linking)},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Busch, S. and Jungnickel, K. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Mechanisms of intraocular photodisruption with picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {15},
   number = {1},
   pages = {32-43},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {Nd:YAG laser photodisruption with nanosecond (ns) pulses is an established method for intraocular surgery. In order to assess whether an increased precision can be achieved by the use of picosecond (ps) pulses, the plasma size, the shock wave characteristics, and the cavitation bubble expansion after optical breakdown with ps- and ns-laser pulses were investigated by time-resolved photography and acoustic measurements. Nd:YAG laser pulses with a duration of 30 ps and 6 ns, respectively, were focused into a water-filled glass cuvette. Frequency doubled light from the same laser pulses was optically delayed between 2 ns and 136 ns and used as illumination light source for photography. Since the individual events were well reproducible, the shock wave and bubble wall position could be determined as a function of time. From the slope of these r(t) curves, the shock wave and bubble wall velocities were determined, and the shock wave pressure was calculated from the shock velocity. The plasma size at various laser pulse energies was measured from photographs of the plasma radiation. The breakdown thresholds at 30 ps and 6 ns pulse duration were found to be 15 microJ and 200 microJ, respectively. At threshold, ps-plasmas are shorter than ns-plasmas, but at the same pulse energy they are always approximately 2.5 times longer. The initial shock pressures were 17 kbar after ps-pulses with an energy of 50 microJ, and 21 kbar after 1 mJ ns-pulses. The pressure amplitude decayed much faster after the ps-pulses. The maximum expansion velocity of the cavitation bubble was 350 m/s after a 50 microJ ps-pulse, but 1,600 m/s after a 1 mJ ns-pulse. The side effects of intraocular microsurgery associated with shock wave emission and cavitation bubble expansion can be considerably reduced by the use of ps-pulses, and new applications of photodisruption may become possible.},
   keywords = {Eye/*radiation effects
Humans
*Laser Surgery/methods
Models, Structural
Physics},
   year = {1994}
}

@article{Brinkmann1994,
   author = {Wetzel, W;Häring, G;Brinkmann, R and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Laser sclerostomy ab externo using the erbium: YAG laser. First results of a clinical study},
   journal = {Germ j ophthal},
   volume = {3(2)},
  
   pages = {112-115},
   ISSN = {0941-2921},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Ludwig,
   author = {Ludwig, K. and Busch, L. C. and Jungnickel, K. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Präparation critical-point-getrockneter Mausembryonen mit einem Laserskalpell},
   journal = {Ann Anat},
   volume = {176},
   pages = {559 - 563},
   year = {1994}
}

@article{Inderfurth1994,
   author = {Inderfurth, J. H. C. and Ferguson, R. D. and Puliafito, C. A. and Frish, M. B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Reflectance Monitoring during Retinal Photocoagulation in Humans - Steps toward the Development of an Automated Feedback-Controlled Photocoagulator},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1374-1374},
   note = {Mz585
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MZ58500560},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1994,
   author = {Roider, J. and Schiller, M. and el Hifnawi, E. S. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Retinal photocoagulation with a pulsed, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm)]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {6},
   pages = {777-82},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The small difference in wavelength between an argon laser (514 nm) and a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm), together with the advantage of the solid-state technology, makes the Nd:YAG laser likely to play a major role in retinal photocoagulation in the near future. For technical reasons all frequency-doubled Nd:YAG lasers work in a quasi-continuous mode, emitting a burst of highly repetitive short laser pulses during the exposure time desired. We investigated the side effects due to high peak irradiances of those short laser pulse trains (Crystal Focus Nd:YAG laser, Emerald; pulse duration 1-10 microseconds, repetition rate 13 KHz) in rabbits in comparison with a standard argon laser system (Zeiss, Visulas, Argon II). The energy necessary for blanching the retina was similar in both cases. As opposed to the argon laser system, subretinal bubbles were regularly visible ophthalmoscopically with the Nd:YAG system, when average powers as high as 200 mW were used. The ED50 power for bubble formation is about 2-3 times above the ED50 power for blanching. Thermal calculations show that this bubble formation effect is likely to be related to the peak power of the short pulses. The hemorrhage threshold is similar in both systems. However, light microscopically there is no difference between the two laser systems. Panretinal photocoagulation (300-500 microns, 100-200 ms) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy produced such bubbles about once per 1000 lesions.},
   keywords = {Animals
Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology/surgery
Equipment Design
Humans
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron
Ophthalmoscopy
Rabbits
Retina/injuries/pathology/*surgery
Retinal Hemorrhage/pathology
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative/pathology/surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7849431},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1994,
   author = {Roider, J. and Traccoli, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Anderson, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selektiver Gefässverschluss durch repetierende kurze Laserpulse},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {3},
   pages = {274-9},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The occlusion of arterioles and venules (30 microns in diameter) by means of repeated dye laser pulses (577 nm, 160 microseconds, 0.5 Hz) was studied in the hamster cheek pouch model. Microscopically visible changes during and after irradiation were recorded and monitored by a video system. The energy necessary per pulse for vessel occlusion with a single pulse (arterioles 5 J/cm2, venules 3.5 J/cm2) can be lowered more than 50% with 100 pulses (1.8 J/cm2, 1.2 J/cm2). Rupture of vessels, which regularly occurs with a single pulse, can be totally avoided with 100 repetitive laser pulses. Investigations of the temperature dependence of the occlusion rate of arterioles showed different interaction mechanisms with one pulse and 100 pulses (mechanical and thermal respectively). Light and electron microscopic investigations supported this concept of selective occlusion using repeated short laser pulses. Possible clinical applications are portwine stains of the eyelid, neovascularisation on the cornea and subretinal neovascularisation.},
   keywords = {Animals
Arterioles/pathology
Cheek/blood supply
Cricetinae
*Disease Models, Animal
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron
Retinal Neovascularization/pathology/*surgery
Venules/pathology
Video Recording/*instrumentation},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8086741},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1994,
   author = {Knipper, A;Brinkmann, R;Durek, C;Gromoll, B and Jocham, D},
   title = {The Holmium-YAG-laser as a new cutting instrument in the ureter},
   journal = {Investigative urology (Berlin, Germany)},
   volume = {5},
   pages = {233-235},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1994,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Hasan, T. and Gragoudas, E. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Vascular targeting in photodynamic occlusion of subretinal vessels},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {101},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1953-61},
   note = {0161-6420 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) for occlusion of subretinal neovascular membranes, the authors studied efficiency and collateral damage of PDT-induced photothrombosis in the rabbit choriocapillary layer. METHOD: Benzoporphyrin derivative, a new photosensitizer, currently in clinical trials for tumor therapy, was used. Low-density lipoprotein served as a carrier to enhance selective targeting of vascular endothelial cells. RESULTS: Complete choriocapillary occlusion was achieved at a BPD dose of 2 mg/kg and a radiant exposure as low as 10 J/cm2. When PDT was performed 3 hours after BPD application, damage to the neural retina was minimal. Only inner photoreceptor segments showed mitochondrial swelling probably secondary to choroidal ischemia. Bruch's membrane remained intact. Retinal pigment epithelium was invariably damaged as seen with other photosensitizers. CONCLUSION: Compared with photocoagulation BPD-PDT allows endothelial-bound intraluminal photothrombosis, sparing important structures such as neural retina and Bruch's membrane. It may thus provide a more selective treatment of juxtafoveal and subfoveal neovascular membranes.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bruch Membrane/drug effects/pathology/radiation effects
Choroid/blood supply
Drug Carriers
Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects/pathology/radiation effects
Lipoproteins, LDL/therapeutic use
*Photochemotherapy/methods
Photoreceptors/drug effects/pathology/radiation effects
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/drug effects/pathology/radiation effects
Porphyrins/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Rabbits
Radiation-Sensitizing Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Retinal Neovascularization/*drug therapy/pathology
Retinal Vessels/*drug effects/pathology/radiation effects},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7997334},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1994,
   author = {Schmidt Erfurth, U W; Gragoudas, E; Flotte, T J;  Michaud, N A;  Birngruber, R and Hasan, T},
   title = {Photodynamic Therapy of Experimental Choroidal Melanoma Using Lipoprotein-Delivered Benzoporphyrin},
   journal = {Ophthal},
   
   pages = {89-99},
   note = {Mv308
Times Cited:81
Cited References Count:32},
   abstract = {Background: Benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid (BPD) is a new photosensitizer currently undergoing clinical trial for cutaneous malignancies. Compared with the clinically most frequently used sensitizer, Photofrin, BPD may offer higher tumor phototoxicity, better tissue penetration, and absence of significant skin sensitization. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) carriers heighten efficiency and selectivity of BPD because neovascular and tumor cells express an increased number of LBL receptors. Hence, in addition to the vaso-occlusive effects similar to most other photosensitizers, LDL-BPD also has been shown to cause direct tumor cell damage.
Methods: Benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid was complexed with human LDL and used in photodynamic treatment of choroidal melanomas experimentally induced in eight albino rabbits. Five rabbits served as controls. Three hours after intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg body weight of LDL-BPD, eight tumors were irradiated at 692 nm and 100 J/cm(2) via an argon-pumped dye laser coupled into a slit lamp.
Results: Angiography and histologic findings showed immediate photothrombosis after disintegration of endothelial membranes. After complete necrosis of tumor cells within 24 hours, a small fibrotic scar slowly developed. No tumor regrowth was noted up to 6 weeks when animals were killed.
Conclusion: These data suggest that photodynamic treatment with LDL-BPD may be a promising modality for multiple clinical applications, including tumors and neovascularizations II.},
   keywords = {hematoporphyrin photoradiation therapy
malignant-melanoma
intraocular tumors
cells
photoimmunotherapy
oxygen
cancer
invivo
agent},
   ISSN = {0161-6420},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MV30800018},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1993,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Histologie von Netzhautläsionen nach kontinuierlicher Bestrahlung und nach selektiver Mikrokoagulation des retinalen Pigmentepithels},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {90},
   number = {3},
   pages = {274-8},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Mild continuous wave (CW) irradiation (100 ms, 20 mW, 514 nm) and irradiation with 100 repetitive 5 microseconds laser pulses (3 or 6 microJ, 514 nm) at a repetition rate of 500 Hz was performed to the regio macularis of chinchilla rabbits. The angiographically visible lesions were histologically followed up to 4 weeks. With both irradiation modalities the original retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was replaced by a monolayer of new RPE cells. Only minimal immediate and no subsequent damage to the photoreceptors was found after selective RPE photocoagulation. Only minimal inflammatory response was found after selective RPE photocoagulation in contrast to CW photocoagulation where macrophages, RPE cells and lymphocytes regularly appear in the damaged photoreceptor layer.},
   keywords = {Animals
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Microsurgery/*instrumentation
Photoreceptors/injuries/pathology
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology/*surgery
Rabbits
Regeneration/physiology
Retina/*injuries/pathology
Wound Healing/physiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8334331},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider,
   author = {Roider, J. and Hillenkamp, F. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Microphotocoagulation: selective effects of repetitive short laser pulses},
   journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
   volume = {90},
   number = {18},
   pages = {8643-7},
   note = {0027-8424 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
   abstract = {Repetitive exposure to short laser pulses is shown to cause selective damage to absorbing structures (cells, organelles, or enzymes) with pulse energies below the threshold energy for single-pulse damage. Directly adjacent structures are spared in vivo. Additivity of (presumably nonphotochemical) subthreshold effects is demonstrated. Selective damage to the retinal pigment epithelium with sparing of the neural retina is shown (514 nm, 5 microseconds, 1-500 pulses at 500 Hz, 2- to 10-microJ pulse energy). A melanin granule model has been developed and applied to the experimental situation. Histological results as well as the basic mechanism for these effects are discussed.},
   keywords = {Animals
Fluorescein Angiography
Lasers
Light Coagulation/adverse effects/*methods
Microscopy, Electron
Microsurgery/adverse effects/methods
Probability
Rabbits
Retina/pathology/*radiation effects/ultrastructure
Time Factors},
   year = {1993}
}

@article{Pan1993,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Du, C.W. and Liu, X.D. and Li, Z.G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Monte-carlo simulation of magneto-birefringence in magnetic fluids},
   journal = {J Appl Phys},
   volume = {73},
   number = {10},
   pages = {6142-6144},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1993,
   author = {Schmidterfurth, U. and Jacobs, D. and Flotte, T. J. and Gragoudas, E. and Hasan, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Photothrombosis of Ocular Neovascularization Using Benzoporphyrin Derivative (Bpd)},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1303-1303},
   note = {Kt893
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1993KT89302954},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pan1993,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Du, C.W. and Liu, X.D. and Li, Z.G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Wavelength dependence of the faraday effect and magneto-birefringence in ferrofluid thin films.},
   journal = {J Appl Phys},
   volume = {73},
   number = {10},
   pages = {6139-6141},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1993,
   author = {Obana, A. and Matsumoto, M. and Miki, T. and Eckert, K. G. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {[Quantification of indocyanine-green enhancement of diode laser photocoagulation]},
   journal = {Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi},
   volume = {97},
   number = {5},
   pages = {581-6},
   note = {0029-0203 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The enhancement by indocyanine-green (ICG) of diode laser photocoagulation was quantified. Since ICG concentration in blood increases and decreases rapidly after a single injection, it is difficult to quantify the exact enhancing effect of ICG. A steady-state plasma concentration (about 30 micrograms/ml) of ICG was achieved by injection of 2.5 mg/kg of ICG followed by continuous injection of 0.45 micrograms/kg/min of ICG. The threshold energy values to obtain grayish white retinal burn or choriocapillary occlusion were evaluated at this steady concentration of ICG, and compared with the values in the absence of ICG. The use of ICG decreased the energy values 7% for retinal burn and 8% for choriocapillary occlusion. Although the total dosage of ICG during the continuous injection was high, the enhancement of retinal burn and choriocapillary occlusion was small.},
   keywords = {Animals
Choroid/pathology/surgery
Indocyanine Green/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology
Infusions, Intravenous
*Laser Coagulation
Rabbits
Retina/pathology/surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8337962},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Chudhry,
   author = {Chaudhry, H. and Lynch, M. and Schomacker, K. and Birngruber, R. and Gregory, K. and Kochevar, I.},
   title = {Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle induced by low-power laser radiation},
   journal = {Photochem Photobiol},
   volume = {58},
   number = {5},
   pages = {661-9},
   note = {0031-8655 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The relaxation of rabbit aorta rings induced by low-power laser radiation was investigated in vitro to determine the location of the chromophore(s) responsible for this response and evaluate possible mechanisms. An action spectrum for relaxation was measured on rabbit thoracic aorta rings precontracted with norepinephrine. The decrease in isometric tension was measured during exposure to laser light (351-625 nm) delivered via a fiber optic to a small spot on the adventitial surface. The shortest UV wavelength (351 nm) was 35-fold more effective than 390 nm and 1700-fold more effective than 460 nm. Ultraviolet wavelengths also produced greater maximum relaxation (0.40-0.45) than visible wavelengths (0.20-0.25), suggesting that photovasorelaxation involves more than one chromophore. The adventitial layer was not necessary for photovasorelaxation, indicating that the light is absorbed by a chromophore in the medial layer. The same degree of relaxation was obtained on rings without adventitia when either one-half of the ring, or a small spot was irradiated indicating that communication between smooth muscle cells spreads a signal from the area illuminated to the entire ring. The mechanism for photovasorelaxation was investigated using potential inhibitors. N-monomethyl-L-arginine and N-amino-L-arginine, inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase, did not alter photovasorelaxation nor did indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, and zinc protoporphyrin, an inhibitor of heme oxygenase.},
   keywords = {Animals
Aorta/*radiation effects
Arginine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
Indomethacin/pharmacology
Light
Models, Chemical
Muscle Relaxation/drug effects/*physiology
Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/*radiation effects
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors
Protoporphyrins/pharmacology
Rabbits
Ultraviolet Rays
Vasodilation/drug effects/*physiology
omega-N-Methylarginine},
   year = {1993}
}

@article{Obana1993,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Gässler, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {The risk of choroidal hemorrhage with diode laser photocoagulation},
   journal = {Jpn J Ophthalmic Surg},
   volume = {6},
   number = {2},
   pages = {285-290},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Inderfurth1993,
   author = {Inderfurth, J. H. C. and Frish, M. B. and Ferguson, R. D. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Research Towards Development of a Dynamic Reflectometer for Control of Laser-Induced Retinal Photocoagulation},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {960-960},
   note = {Kt893
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1993KT89301270},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1993,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Augenschäden durch Registrierkassen mit Laserscanner},
   journal = {Dtsch. med. Wschr.},
   volume = {118},
   pages = {51-52},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1993,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Transscleral and indirect ophthalmoscope diode laser retinal photocoagulation: experimental quantification of the therapeutic range for their application in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {231},
   number = {7},
   pages = {378-83},
   note = {0721-832X (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Laser indirect ophthalmoscope (LIO) photocoagulation and transscleral photocoagulation through the conjunctiva and subconjunctiva were performed in the fundus of chinchilla gray rabbits using various exposure times and powers, and the thresholds for retinal blanching and choroidal hemorrhage were determined. The therapeutic range was described for both applications as the ratio between energy values to produce grayish white lesions and hemorrhage at 50% probability. The therapeutic range appeared to remain almost constant with different exposure times. The mean ratio with LIO was 3.2 +/- 0.28, similar to that with slit-lamp delivery reported in our previous study. The mean ratio with transscleral photocoagulation through the conjunctiva and subconjunctiva were 2.48 +/- 0.28 and 2.38 +/- 0.26, respectively. The variability of LIO appeared to be a little lower than with transscleral photocoagulation. There was no significant difference between the variability with transscleral photocoagulation through the conjunctiva and subconjunctiva.},
   keywords = {Animals
Choroid Hemorrhage/etiology/pathology
Fundus Oculi
Humans
Infant, Newborn
Laser Coagulation/adverse effects/*methods
Ophthalmoscopy
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery
Retinal Diseases/etiology/pathology
Retinopathy of Prematurity/*surgery
Semiconductors},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8406062},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1993,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Hefetz, Y. and Roider, J. and Schmidt, U. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A. and Vogel, Alfred},
   title = {[Spatial confinement of intraocular picoseconds-photodisruption effects]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {90},
   number = {4},
   pages = {387-90},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Laser photodisruption is a routinely performed clinical procedure in intraocular microsurgery of post-cataract membranes, anterior synechies and iridectomies. Damage ranges of several millimeters in diameter, however, limit the use of nanosecond photodisruption close to delicate structures, e.g., in the posterior vitreous. Multiple ps-laser pulses of about 100 microJ pulse energy were used to produce disruptive effects in the anterior lens capsule in rabbit eyes in vivo. Ophthalmoscopical and morphological investigations of these effects were compared with those of minimal ns-disruptions. The direct tissue separation effects as well as the collateral damage zones are about one order of magnitude smaller if ps-laser pulses are used. Minimal sizes of disruptive effects are about 50 microns to 150 microns and 500 microns to 1000 microns for ps- and ns-pulses, respectively. The substantial improvement of spatial confinement of ps-photodisruption enables increased precision of intraocular laser microsurgery and opens up new areas of clinical application in structures like the cornea, anterior chamber angle, and crystalline lens.},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects
Lens Capsule, Crystalline/*injuries/pathology
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microsurgery/instrumentation
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8374239},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1993,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selective Rpe Photocoagulation by 1 Usec Laser-Pulses},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {960-960},
   note = {Kt893
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1993KT89301269},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1992,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Gässler, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {The therapeutic range of chorioretinal photocoagulation with diode and argon lasers:an experimental comparison},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {3/4},
   pages = {147-156},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Vogel, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {The influence of wavelength on the laser power required for retinal photocoagulation in cataractous human eyes.},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {2},
   pages = {69-78},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Temperature profiles in human retina and choroid during laser coagulation with different wavelengths ranging from 514 to 810 nm.},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {1},
   pages = {9-16},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Schmidt1992,
   author = {Schmidt, U. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Selektiver Verschluss okularer Neovaskularisationen durch photodynamische Therapie (PDT)},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {89},
   number = {5},
   pages = {391-4},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has successfully been used to induce vascular occlusion via endothelial damage and subsequent thrombosis. To increase the selective of this method for neovascularizations, characteristics in the ultrastructure of the proliferative vessel wall allow physiological vessels to be spared and predominantly neovascularizations to be occluded: (a) Due to the disturbance of the blood-retina barrier, free dye molecules accumulate within the vascular wall. Using a dye with prolonged retention, such as phthalocyanine (CASPc), it is possible to thrombose neovascularizations 24 h post injection while leaving the physiological vasculature of the anterior segment of the rabbit eye unaffected. (b) Proliferating endothelial cells express high numbers of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. Chlorin e6 (Ce6), a potent photosensitizer, is covalently bound to LDL. Intravascularly, ce6-LDL complexes selectively label neovascular walls. Since ce6-LDL is incorporated intracellular into enzymatically active lysosomes, photothrombosis is effectively achieved at low drug and light doses in vivo. In addition, the induced damage is spatially confined to the inner vascular lining. We conclude that carrier-mediated PDT may offer a new and sensitive approach for selective treatment of intraocular neovascularizations.},
   keywords = {Animals
Blood-Retinal Barrier/drug effects/physiology
Cell Division/drug effects/physiology
Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects/pathology
*Photochemotherapy
Rabbits
Retinal Neovascularization/*drug therapy/pathology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1304219},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. A. and Flotte, T. J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Response of the retinal pigment epithelium to selective photocoagulation},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {110},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1786-92},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
   abstract = {Multiple short argon laser pulses can coagulate the retinal pigment epithelium selectively, while sparing the adjacent neural retina and choroid; in contrast, continuous-wave laser irradiation typically damages the neural retina and choroid. The healing response to selective photocoagulation of the retinal pigment epithelium was studied in rabbits during a period of 4 weeks. The lesions were never visible ophthalmoscopically. During the healing period, the epithelium was reformed by a single sheet of hypertrophic retinal pigment epithelial cells. In contrast to continuous-wave photocoagulation, only minimal inflammatory response was found. Retinal pigment epithelial cells showed clear signs of viability, eg, phagocytized outer segments. The local edema in the photoreceptor layer and subretinal space found in the early stage disappeared when the blood-retinal barrier was reestablished. The choriocapillaris remained unaffected. No subsequent damage to the photoreceptors was found. This type of photocoagulation may be useful for retinal pigment epithelium-related diseases, eg, diffuse diabetic macular edema.},
   keywords = {Animals
Biopsy
Chinchilla
Fluorescein Angiography
Fundus Oculi
Laser Surgery
*Light Coagulation
Microscopy, Electron
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology/radiation effects/*surgery
Statistics
Time Factors
Wound Healing},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Abel1992,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Lorenz, B. and Obana, A. and Vogel, Alfred and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Problems of clinical application of diode lasers.},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {3/4},
   pages = {157-163},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt1992,
   author = {Schmidt, U. and Bauman, W. and Schomacker, K. and Birngruber, R. and Gragoudas, E. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Photosensitizing Potency of Benzoporphyrin Derivative (Bpd) Associated with Human Low-Density-Lipoprotein (Ldl)},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1253-1253},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13502796},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Jungnickel1992,
   author = {Jungnickel, K and Rein, S and Vogel, A},
   title = {Untersuchungen zur Plasmabildung bei der Nd: YAG-Laserchirurgie: Katarakt},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {89},
   number = {4},
   pages = {283-287},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1992,
   author = {Roider, J. and Troccoli, J. and Anderson, R. R. and Flotte, T. J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Microvasculature Occlusion by Repetitive Short Laser-Pulses},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {722-722},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13500151},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gekeler,
   author = {Gekeler, V. and Frese, G. and Noller, A. and Handgretinger, R. and Wilisch, A. and Schmidt, H. and Muller, C. P. and Dopfer, R. and Klingebiel, T. and Diddens, H. and et al.},
   title = {Mdr1/P-glycoprotein, topoisomerase, and glutathione-S-transferase pi gene expression in primary and relapsed state adult and childhood leukaemias},
   journal = {Br J Cancer},
   volume = {66},
   number = {3},
   pages = {507-17},
   note = {Gekeler, V
Frese, G
Noller, A
Handgretinger, R
Wilisch, A
Schmidt, H
Muller, C P
Dopfer, R
Klingebiel, T
Diddens, H
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Cancer. 1992 Sep;66(3):507-17.},
   abstract = {In a variety of adult and childhood leukaemia cell samples collected at different states of the disease, we analysed in a series of sequentially performed slot-blot or Northern-blot hybridisation experiments the expression of genes possibly involved in multiple drug resistance (MDR) (mdr1/P-glycoprotein, DNA topoisomerase II, glutathione-S-transferase pi), and the expression of the DNA topoisomerase I and histone 3.1 genes. Occasionally, P-glycoprotein gene expression was additionally examined by indirect immunocytofluorescence using the monoclonal antibody C219. No significant difference in mdr1/P-glycoprotein mRNA levels between primary and relapsed state acute lymphocytic leukaemias (ALL) was seen on average. Second or third relapses, however, showed a distinct tendency to an elevated expression of this multidrug transporter gene (up to 10-fold) in part well beyond the value seen in the moderately cross-resistant T-lymphoblastoid CCRF-CEM subline CCRF VCR 100. Increased mdr1/P-glycoprotein mRNA levels were also found in relapsed state acute myelogenous leukaemias (AML), and in chronic lymphocytic leukaemias (CLL) treated with chlorambucil and/or prednisone for several years. Topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II mRNA levels were found to be very variable. Whereas in all but one case of CLL topoisomerase II mRNA was not detected by slot-blot hybridizations, strong topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II gene expression levels, frequently exceeding the levels monitored in the CCRF-CEM cell line, were seen in many cell samples of acute leukaemia. If topoisomerase II mRNA was undetectable, expression of topoisomerase I was clearly visible throughout. These observations might be valuable considering the possible treatment with specific topoisomerase I or topoisomerase II inhibitors. Significant positive correlations were found (i) for topoisomerase I and histone 3.1 gene expression levels in general (P less than 0.001), and (ii) in the CLL samples additionally for the expression levels of the mdr1 gene, and the histone 3.1, topoisomerase I, and glutathione-S-transferase pi genes, respectively.},
   keywords = {Adult
Child
DNA Probes
DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/ genetics
DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/ genetics
Drug Resistance/ genetics
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Gene Expression/ genetics
Glutathione Transferase/ genetics
Histones/ genetics
Humans
Leukemia/drug therapy/ genetics
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
Membrane Glycoproteins/ genetics
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
P-Glycoprotein
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy/genetics
RNA, Messenger/ analysis
RNA, Neoplasm/ analysis
Tumor Cells, Cultured},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Wetzel1992,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser Sclerostomy Abexterno Using the Erbium-Yag Laser and a New Application System},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1018-1018},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13501637},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weaver1992,
   author = {Weaver, Y. K. and Lin, C. P. and Schuman, S. and Woods, W. J. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Birngruber, R. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Experimental Iridotomy with a Picosecond Neodymium-Ag Laser},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1265-1265},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13502854},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Jungnickel1992,
   author = {Jungnickel, K. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Efficiency of bursts in intraocular Nd: YAG laser surgery},
   journal = {Lasers and Light in Ophthalmology},
   volume = {5},
   number = {2},
   pages = {95 - 99},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Lin1992,
   author = {Lin, C. P. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Effects of Single and Multiple Picosecond Laser-Pulses on Rpe Cells},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {721-721},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:1},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13500148},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1992,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Eckert, K. G. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Dye-Enhanced Diode-Laser Photocoagulation Using Continuous Injection of Indocyanine Green},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {721-721},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13500144},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Ren1992,
   author = {Ren, Q. and Venugopalan, V. and Schomacker, K. and Deutsch, T. F. and Flotte, T. J. and Puliafito, C. A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Mid-infrared laser ablation of the cornea: a comparative study},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {12},
   number = {3},
   pages = {274-81},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The ablation thresholds and patterns of collateral damage in cornea produced by Er:YAG (2.94 microns) and Er:YSGG (2.79 microns) lasers were measured. Two different pulse durations, 200 microseconds (normal spiking mode) and 100 ns (Q-switched mode), were used at both wavelengths. In the normal spiking mode, damage zones of 16 +/- 2 microns and 39 +/- 7 microns and ablation thresholds of 250 +/- 20 mJ/cm2 and 420 +/- 35 mJ/cm2 were measured at 2.94 microns and 2.79 microns, respectively. In the Q-switched mode, damage zones of 4 +/- 2 microns and ablation thresholds of 150 +/- 10 mJ/cm2 were found irrespective of the laser used. The similarity between the results using the Er:YAG and Er:YSGG lasers in the Q-switched mode suggest that either laser can be used with equal effectiveness for corneal trephination.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cattle
Cornea/pathology/*surgery
*Light Coagulation/*methods},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1508021},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Doukas1991,
   author = {Doukas, A.G. and Zweig, A.D. and Frisoli, J.K. and Birngruber, R. and Deutsch, T. F.},
   title = {Non-invasive determination of shock wave pressure generated by optical breakdown.},
   journal = {Appl Phys B},
   volume = {53},
   pages = {237-245},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Teramura1991,
   author = {Teramura, A. and Macfarlane, R. and Owen, C. J. and de la Torre, R. and Gregory, K. W. and Birngruber, R. and Parrish, J. A. and Peterson, J. W. and Zervas, N. T.},
   title = {Application of the 1-microsecond pulsed-dye laser to the treatment of experimental cerebral vasospasm},
   journal = {J Neurosurg},
   volume = {75},
   number = {2},
   pages = {271-6},
   note = {0022-3085 (Print)
In Vitro
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {Laser energy of 480 nm was applied in 1-microsecond pulses varying between 2.2 and 10 mJ to in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral vasospasm. First, the pulsed-dye laser was applied intravascularly via a 320-microns fiber to basilar artery segments from six dogs. The segments were mounted in a vessel-perfusion apparatus and constricted to, on average, 70% of resting diameter by superfusion with dog hemolysate. Immediate increase in basilar artery diameter occurred to a mean of 83% of control. In a second model, the basilar artery was exposed transclivally in the rabbit. In three normal animals, superfusion of the artery with rabbit hemolysate resulted in a reduction of mean vessel diameter to 81% of control. Following extravascular application of the laser, vessels returned to an average of 106% of the resting state. In six rabbits, the basilar artery was constricted by two intracisternal injections of autologous blood. 3 days apart. Two to 4 days after the second injection, the basilar artery was exposed. Extravascular laser treatment from a quartz fiber placed perpendicular to the vessel adventitia resulted in an immediate 53% average increase in caliber to an estimated 107% of control. No reconstriction was observed over a period of up to 5 hours. Morphologically, damage to the arterial wall was slight. This preliminary investigation suggests that the 1-microsecond pulsed-dye laser may be of benefit in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm.},
   keywords = {Animals
Basilar Artery/surgery/ultrastructure
Dogs
Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
Female
Ischemic Attack, Transient/pathology/*surgery
*Laser Surgery
Male
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Rabbits
Vasodilation},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2072166},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weaver1991,
   author = {Weaver, Y. K. and Lin, C. P. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Birngruber, R. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Intraocular Photoablation by a High Repetition Rate Picosecond Nd-Yag Laser},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1224-1224},
   note = {Fc762
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FC76202720},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hefetz1991,
   author = {Hefetz, Y. and Roider, J. and Puliafito, C. A. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Low Repetition Rate Picosecond Photodisruption in Ocular Structures},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {798-798},
   note = {Fc762
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FC76200642},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1991,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Microcoagulation of the fundus. Experimental results of repeated laser pulse exposure]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {88},
   number = {5},
   pages = {473-6},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Angiographically visible lesions were produced in the fundus of rabbit eyes with repetitive 5 microseconds pulses and continuous wave exposures with 50-ms to 1-s pulse duration from an modified argon laser (514 nm). The ophthalmoscopic and the fluorescein angiographic findings showed less damage in the neural retina and the choroid after repetitively pulsed irradiation. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the neural retina and the choroid can mostly be spared by using repetitive 5 microseconds pulses, even though the damage to the retinal pigment epithelium is similar to the damage caused by continuous wave irradiation. Possible clinical applications, e.g. for macular edema and central serous retinopathy, are discussed.},
   keywords = {Animals
Fluorescein Angiography
Light Coagulation/*adverse effects
Microscopy, Electron
Ophthalmoscopy
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/*injuries/pathology
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1757035},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1991,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Dlugos, C. and Nuffer, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Optical properties of human sclera, and their consequences for transscleral laser applications},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {11},
   number = {4},
   pages = {331-40},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The spectral dependence of the optical properties of human sclera adjacent to the limbus was investigated and related to the potentials of transscleral photocoagulation. The total transmission, absorption, and reflection, as well as the angular distribution of the transmitted and reflected light were measured at five laser wavelengths (442 nm, 514 nm, 633 nm, 804 nm, and 1,064 nm), both for noncontact and contact applications. Absorption and scattering coefficients were determined using the Kubelka-Munk model for light propagation through a scattering tissue. The scleral transmission is only 6% at 442 nm but increases to 35% at 804 nm and to 53% at 1,064 nm. The absorption is high at short wavelengths with 40% at 442 nm but it is only 6% at 804 nm and 1,064 nm. The reflection is generally higher than 40% and shows little wavelength dependence. The transmitted light is scattered diffusely at short wavelengths, but at 804 nm and 1,064 nm it exhibits a fairly narrow angular distribution in forward direction. Fiber contact leads to an increase of transmission, with a factor of 3.5 at 442 nm, of 2.0 at 804 nm, and 1.5 at 1,064 nm. Our results indicate that the diode laser (804 nm) and the Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm) with contact delivery are best suited for transscleral photocoagulation.},
   keywords = {Absorption
Humans
Lasers/*therapeutic use
Light
Optics
Scattering, Radiation
Sclera/*anatomy & histology/physiology},
   year = {1991}
}

@article{Roider1991,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selective Damage of the Rpe by Repetitive Laser-Pulses - Healing Studies in Rabbits},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {713-713},
   note = {Fc762
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FC76200240},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt1991,
   author = {Schmidt, U. and Hasan, T. and Schomacker, K. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selective Vessel Occlusion by Photochemically-Induced Thrombogenesis},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1162-1162},
   note = {Fc762
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FC76202419},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}