@article{Wirbelauer2001,
   author = {Wirbelauer, C. and Scholz, C. and Hoerauf, H. and Bastian, G. O. and Engelhardt, R. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Examination of the cornea using optical coherence tomography},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {98},
   number = {2},
   pages = {151-156},
   note = {403KQ
Times Cited:34
Cited References Count:18},
   abstract = {Introduction. This study evaluated the clinical use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for two-dimensional representation of the cornea.
Patients and methods. Noncontact slit-lamp-adapted OCT was used in selected cases to evaluate pathologically altered corneas and to measure the central corneal thickness and curvature.
Results. OCT provided correlation between differences in reflection and morphological changes. Scar tissue resulted in hyperreflective light scattering, wheras cystic lesions were hyporeflective. Precise biomorphometry also allowed representation of intrastromal and retrocorneal changes. Central corneal thickness measured by OCT yielded reproducible values and corn be calculated from the optical signals of the corneal surface.
Conclusions. OCT provides high-resolution representation of the cornea and exact evaluation of its morphology, thickness, and curvature. Due to the noncontact, simple,and rapid examination using the slitlamp the corneal OCT method is a promising additional diagnostic modality.},
   keywords = {optical coherence tomography
cornea
pachymetry
profilometry
thickness measurements
in-vivo
pachymetry
topography
eye},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470170176},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000167041400005},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber2001,
   author = {Arnold, J. and Kilmartin, D. and Olson, J. and Neville, S. and Robinson, K. and Birngruber, R. and  Laird, A. and Richmond, C. and Farrow, A. and McKay, S. and Saperstein, D. A. and Aaberg, T. M. and Johnson, J. B. and Waldron, R. and Loupe, D. and Gillman, J. and Myles, B. and Schachat, A. P. and Bressler, N. M. and Bressler, S. B. and Nesbitt, P. and Porter, T. and Hawse, P. and Hartnett, M. and Eager, A. and Belt, J. and Cain, D. and Emmert, D. and George, T. and Herring, M. and McDonald, J. and Mones, J. and Corcostegui, B. and Gilbert, M. and Duran, N. and Sisquella, M. and Nolla, A. and Margalef, A. and Miller, J. W. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Lane, A. M. and Emmanuel, N. and Holbrook, A. and Evans, C. and Lord, U. S. and Walsh, D. K. and Callahan, C. D. and DuBois, J. L. and Lewis, H. and Kaiser, P. K. and Holody, L. J. and Lesak, E. and Lichterman, S. and Siegel, H. and Fattori, A. and Ambrose, G. and Fecko, T. and Ross, D. and Burke, S. and Singerman, L. and Zegarra, H. and Novak, M. and Bartel, M. and Tilocco-DuBois, K. and Iic, M. and Schura, S. and Mayes, S. J. and Tanner, V. and Rowe, P. and Smith-Brewer, S. and Kukula, D. and Greanoff, G. and Daley, G. and DuBois, J. and Lehnhardt, D. and Fish, G. E. and Jost, B. F. and Anand, R. and Callanan, D. and Arceneaux, S. and Arnwine, J. and Ellenich, P. and King, J. and Aguado, H. and Rollins, R. and Jurklies, B. and Pauleikhoff, D. and Hintzmann, A. and Fischer, M. and Sowa, C. and Behne, E. and Pournaras, C. J. and Donati, G. and Kapetanios, A. D. and Cavaliere, K. and Guney-Wagner, S. and Gerber, N. and Sickenberg, M. and Sickenberg, V. and Gans, A. and Hosner, B. and others },
   title = {Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in pathologic myopia with verteporfin - 1-year results of a randomized clinical trial - VIP report no. 1},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {108},
   number = {5},
   pages = {841-852},
   note = {425WW
Times Cited:272
Cited References Count:12},
   abstract = {Objective: To determine if photodynamic therapy with verteporfin (Visudyne; CIBA Vision Corp, Duluth, GA) can improve the chance of stabilizing or improving vision (<8 letter loss) safely in patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) caused by pathologic myopia.
Design: Multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial at 28 ophthalmology practices in Europe and North America.
Participants: One hundred twenty patients with subfoveal CNV caused by pathologic myopia with a greatest linear dimension no more than 5400 <mu>m and best-corrected visual acuity (Snellen equivalent) of approximately 20/100 or better.
Intervention: Patients were randomly assigned (2:1) to verteporfin (6 mg per square meter of body surface area; n = 81) or placebo (5% dextrose in water, n = 39) administered via intravenous infusion of 30 ml over 10 minutes. Fifteen minutes after the start of the infusion, a laser light at 689 nm was delivered at an intensity of 600 mW/cm(2) over 83 seconds to give a light dose of 50 J/cm(2) to a round spot size on the retina with a diameter of 1000 mum larger than the greatest linear dimension of the choroidal neovascular lesion. At follow-up examinations every 3 months, retreatment with either verteporfin or placebo (as assigned at baseline) was applied to areas of fluorescein leakage if present.
Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was the proportion of eyes at the follow-up examination 12 months after study entry with fewer than eight letters (approximately 1.5 lines) of visual acuity lost, adhering to an intent-to-treat analysis.
Results: At baseline, move than 90% of each group had evidence of classic CNV (regardless of whether occult CNV was present) and only 12 (15%) and 5 (13%) cases in the verteporfin and placebo groups, respectively, had occult CNV (regardless of whether classic CNV was present). Seventy-nine of the 81 verteporfin-treated patients (98%) compared with 36 of the 39 placebo-treated patients (92%) completed the month 12 examination. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and fluorescein angiographic outcomes were better in the verteporfin-treated eyes than in the placebo-treated eyes at every follow-up examination through the month 12 examination. At the month 12 examination, 58 (72%) of the verteporfin-treated patients compared with 17 (44%) of the placebo-treated patients lost fewer than eight letters (P < 0.01), including 26 (32%) versus 6 (15%) improving at least five letters (<greater than or equal to>1 line). Seventy (86%) of the verteporfin-treated patients compared with 26 (67%) of the placebo-treated patients lost fewer than 15 letters (P = 0.01), Few ocular or other systemic adverse events were associated with verteporfin therapy compared with placebo treatment.
Conclusions: Because photodynamic therapy with verteporfin can safely increase the chance of stabilizing or improving vision in patients with subfoveal CNV from pathologic myopia compared with a placebo, we recommend ophthalmologists consider verteporfin therapy for treatment of such patients. Ophthalmology 2001; 108:841-852 (C) 2001 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.},
   ISSN = {0161-6420},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000168315500020},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann2001,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Schuele, G. and Joachimmeyer, E. and Roider, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Determination of absolute fundus temperatures during retinal laser photocoagulation and selective RPE treatment.},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {42},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S696-S696},
   note = {Suppl. S
427EP
3749
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000168392103712},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Framme2001,
   author = {Framme, C. and Schuele, G. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R. and Roider, J.},
   title = {Autofluorescence imaging after selective RPE laser treatment in macular diseases: A pilot study.},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {42},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S703-S703},
   note = {Suppl. S
427EP
3785
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000168392103748},
   year = {2001},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Radt-2001,
   author = {Radt, Benno and Serbin, Jesper and Lange, Bjoern I. and Birngruber, Reginald and Huettmann, Gereon},
   title = {Laser-generated micro- and nanoeffects: inactivation of proteins coupled to gold nanoparticles with nano- and picosecond pulses},
   editor = {Reginald, Birngruber and Hubert van den, Bergh},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {4433},
   pages = {16-24},
year = { 2001},
URL = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446518}

}

@article{Hüttmann,
   author = {Hüttmann, G. and Serbin, J. and Radt, B. and Lange, Björn I. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Model system for investigating laser-induced subcellular microeffects.},
   journal = {Proc SPIE},
   volume = {4257},
   pages = {398-409},
   year = {2001}
}

@inproceedings{Schuele2001,
   author = {Schuele, Georg and Joachimmeyer, Elke and Framme, Carsten and Roider, Johann and Birngruber, Reginald and Brinkmann, Ralf},
   title = {Optoacoustic control system for selective treatment of the retinal pigment epithelium},
   volume = {4256},
   pages = {71-76},
   note = {10.1117/12.429323},
   abstract = {The selective damage of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a new treatment method for several retinal diseases. By applying a train of microsecond(s) laser pulses it is possible to selectively damage these cells and simultaneously spare the adjacent photoreceptor and neural tissue. Due to the ophthalmologic invisibility of the RPE cell damage we investigate an optoacoustic (OA) control system to monitor the RPE cell damage. Setup: The irradiation was performed with a frequency doubled Nd:YLF laser by applying a train of +s laser pulses. In vitro, the OA transients were received by an ultrasonic broadband transducer. During treatment an OA contact lens with embedded transducer was used. In vitro: Freshly enucleated porcine RPE samples with CalceinAM as life/death staining were used. Below RPE cell damage threshold a classic thermoelastic transient was found. Above cell damage threshold the OA transient differs form pulse to pulse. This can be explained by microbubble formation around the strong absorbing melanosomes inside the RPE cells. In vivo: We found the same pulse to pulse deviations of the OA transient above the fluoresceine angiographic detectable RPE damage threshold during treatment. This system give us a new approach to non-invasively monitor the selective RPE treatment.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.429323},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2001}
}

@inproceedings{Schuele2001-1,
   author = {Schuele, Georg and Joachimmeyer, Elke and Framme, Carsten and Roider, Johann and Birngruber, Reginald and Brinkmann, Ralf},
   title = {Optoacoustic detection of selective RPE cell damage during μs-laser irradiation},
   volume = {4433},
   pages = {92-96},
   note = {10.1117/12.446507},
   abstract = {Objective: The selective damage of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with repetitive microsecond(s) laser pulses is a new technique for the treatment of several retinal diseases. RPE can selectively be damaged by simultaneously sparing off the adjacent photoreceptor tissue. Objective of this study is to investigate whether optoacoustic (OA) transients occurring during irradiation might be used to control the invisible treatment effect. Setup: A train of frequency doubled Nd:YLF laser pulses (527 nm, 1.7microsecond(s) pulse length, 500Hz rep. rate) were applied via a laser slit lamp on porcine RPE samples. The acoustic transients were recorded with a broadband transducer. Results: At low radiant exposures (<100 mJ/cm2) we found a bipolar pressure transient due to thermo-elastic expansion of the RPE. The pressure waves from the individual pulses of one pulse train show nearly identical transients. The transients differ slightly from different sites on the sample. At higher radiant exposures (>150 mJ/cm2), the OA transients differ from pulse to pulse within a pulse train, which can be attributed to microbubble formation around the strong absorbing melanosomes inside the RPE cells. FFT spectra of the OA transients show slight differences in the frequency spectrum with the different radiant exposures.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.446507},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
   year = { 2001}
}

@article{Hüttmann,
   author = {Hüttmann, G. and Radt, B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laserinduzierte Mikro- und Nanoeffekte - Von der selektiven Thermolyse zu molekularen Nanoeffekten},
   journal = {LaserOpto},
   volume = {32},
   pages = {47-55},
   year = {2000}
}

@article{Kampmeier-2000,
   author = {Kampmeier, J. and Radt, B. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {Thermal and biomechanical parameters of porcine cornea},
   journal = {Cornea},
   volume = {19(3)},
   year = { 2000},
url = { https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12484883_Thermal_and_Biomechanical_Parameters_of_Porcine_Cornea},
   pages = {355-63},
   note = {0277-3740 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: New methods in refractive surgery require a considerable understanding of the material "cornea" and are often studied by theoretical modeling in order to gain insight into the procedure and an optimized approach to the technique. The quality of these models is highly dependent on the preciseness of its input parameters. Porcine cornea often is used as a model in preclinical studies because of its similarity to man and its availability. METHODS: The important physical parameters for biomechanical deformation, heat conduction, and collagen denaturation kinetics have been determined for porcine cornea. Experimental methods include densitometry, calorimetry, turbidimetry, tensile tests, stress relaxation, and hydrothermal isometric tension measurements. RESULTS: The density of porcine cornea was measured as p = 1062+/-5 kg/m3, the heat capacity gave c = 3.74+/-0.05 J/gK. The stress-strain relation for corneal strips is represented by a third order approximation where the secant modulus yields about Esec approximately equal to 0.4 MPa for small strains less than 2%. The normalized stress relaxation is described by an exponential fit over time. The denaturation process of cornea is characterized by specific temperatures which can be related to the change of the mechanical properties. Denaturation kinetics are described according to the model of Arrhenius yielding the activation energy deltaEa = 106 kJ/mol and the phase transition entropy deltaS = 39 J/(mol x K). CONCLUSIONS: The established set of parameters characterizes the porcine cornea in a reliable way that creates a basis for corneal models. It furthermore gives direct hints of how to treat cornea in certain refractive techniques.},
   keywords = {Animals}
}

@article{Roider,
   author = {Roider, J. and Brinkmann, R. and Wirbelauer, C. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Subthreshold (retinal pigment epithelium) photocoagulation in macular diseases: a pilot study},
   journal = {Br J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {84},
   number = {1},
   pages = {40-7},
   note = {0007-1161 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Subthreshold (retinal pigment epithelium) photocoagulation is a new photocoagulation method, which treats the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and avoids damage to the neural retina. The initial results in this prospective pilot study on various macular diseases are presented. METHODS: 12 patients with diabetic maculopathy (group I), 10 with soft drusen (group II), and four with central serous retinopathy (CSR) (group III) were treated and followed up for 1 year. Treatment was achieved using a train of repetitive short laser pulses (1.7 micros) of a green Nd:YLF laser (parameters: 527 nm, 100 and 500 pulses, repetition rate: 500 Hz, spot size: 160 microm, energies: 70-100 microJ). Laser energy was based on the visibility of test lesions on fluorescein angiography (50-130 microJ). Patients were examined at various times by ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein and ICG angiography, and infrared imaging. RESULTS: After 6 months hard exudates disappeared in six out of nine patients in group I and leakage disappeared in six out of 12 diabetic patients. In group II drusen were less in seven out of 10 patients. In group III serous detachment disappeared in three out of four cases. Visual acuity was stable in all cases. None of the laser lesions was clinically visible immediately. After 1 day most lesions were visible as yellowish RPE depigmentation. After 3 months some of the lesions were visible as hyperpigmented areas but most were not. Fluorescein angiography showed leakage only in the first week. Infrared imaging showed that most lesions can be visualised in groups I and II after a period longer than 1 week as hyperreflective areas. CONCLUSION: This study showed that subthreshold (RPE) photocoagulation is effective in some cases of diabetic maculopathy, drusens, and in CSR. Visibility of laser burns is not always necessary in the treatment of macular diseases presented here. Infrared imaging is an effective and non-invasive way of visualising subthreshold (RPE) laser burns.},
   keywords = {Aged
Diabetic Retinopathy/surgery
Female
Fluorescein Angiography
Follow-Up Studies
Fundus Oculi
Humans
*Laser Coagulation
Macular Degeneration/pathology/*surgery
Male
Middle Aged
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/*surgery
Pilot Projects
Prospective Studies
Retinal Drusen/surgery
Treatment Outcome},
   year = {2000}
}

@article{Hoerauf2000,
   author = {Hoerauf, H. and Wirbelauer, C. and Scholz, C. and Engelhardt, R. and Koch, P. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment},
   journal = {Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology},
   volume = {238},
   number = {1},
   pages = {8-18},
   note = {282FC
Times Cited:77
Cited References Count:19},
   abstract = {Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic potential of a slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography (OCT) system as an in vivo imaging device for routine clinical examination of the anterior segment of the eve.
Patients and methods: In a pilot study, healthy volunteers and patients with different pathologies of the anterior segment were examined with a slit-lamp-adapted OCT system using 100-200 axial scans with 100-Hz line-scan frequency. The scan length is variable up to 7 mm, and the axial depth is 1.5 mm in tissue.
Results: The slit-lamp-adapted OCT system allowed direct biomicroscopic imaging of the measured area. Anatomic structures and morphological changes anterior to the attenuating iris pigment epithelium could be visualized with high accuracy, Biometric analyses of the cornea, the chamber angle, the iris and secondary cataract were possible. Complete demonstration of the chamber angle was difficult clue to the backscattering properties of the anterior part of the sclera and the consequent shadowing of the most peripheral part of the iris.
Conclusions: Slit-lamp-adapted OCT is a diagnostic tool which allows in vivo microscopic cross-sectional imaging of the anterior segment and precise measurement of ocular structures.},
   keywords = {in-vivo
nerve
eye},
   ISSN = {0721-832X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s004170050002},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000085205300002},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber2000,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Photodynamische Therapie der altersbedingten Makuladegeneration - Nichtthermische Laserbestrahlung aktiviert einen hochselektiven Photosensibilisator},
   journal = {LaserOpto},
   volume = {32},
   pages = {66-70},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider2000,
   author = {Roider, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Patenting medical procedures - Reply},
   journal = {Archives of Ophthalmology},
   volume = {118},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1140-1140},
   note = {343KZ
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0003-9950},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000088702700026},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider2000,
   author = {Roider, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Patenting medical procedures},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {118},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1140},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Journal article},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10922219},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schüle,
   author = {Schüle, G. and Hüttmann, G. and Roider, J. and Wirbelauer, C. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {Optoacoustic measurements during µs-irradiation of the retinal pigment epithelium},
   journal = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {3914A},
   year = {2000}
}

@article{Hüttmann,
   author = {Hüttmann, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laserinduzierte thermische Gewebseffekte mit mikroskopischer und makromolekularer Präzision},
   journal = {Z Med Phys},
   volume = {10},
   pages = {169-174},
   year = {2000}
}

@article{Birngruber2000,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Teschner, S. and Noack, J.},
   title = {Confocal laser scanning fluorescence topography: a new method for three-dimensional functional imaging of vascular structures},
   journal = {Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology},
   volume = {238},
   number = {7},
   pages = {559-565},
   note = {341NG
Times Cited:10
Cited References Count:16},
   abstract = {Three-dimensional topography of perfused vascular structures is possible via confocal laser scanning of intravascular fluorescence. The lateral resolution is given by the spot size of the scanning laser beam (optimally 10 mu m at the retina). The axial resolution, however, depends on the accuracy of detection of the surface of the fluorescent structure, which is typically one order of magnitude higher (30 mu m at the retina) than the confocal resolution. The vascular structure is stained with an appropriate fluorescent dye prior to the investigation using standard systemic dye injection. Confocal scanning of the fluorescence in planes of different depths within the vascular structure under investigation leads to a three-dimensional data set. Signal processing in eludes passive eye tracking, lateral averaging and axial determination of the surface of the fluorescent structure. The potential of this new technique is demonstrated by showing the topography of physiological vessel structures as well as of selected vascular diseases such as cone dystrophy, RPE detachment, choroidal haemangioma and retinal laser coagulation. Confocal laser angioscopic fluorescence topography (CLAFT) measures the three-dimensional surface structure of functional (perfused) vasculature and surrounding leakage. CLAFT may help to diagnose and quantify status and time course of vascular diseases.},
   keywords = {in-vivo
ophthalmoscope
therapy},
   ISSN = {0721-832X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s004179900059},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000088596000003},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann2000,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Radt, B. and Flamm, C. and Kampmeier, J. and Koop, N. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Influence of temperature and time on thermally induced forces in corneal collagen and the effect on laser thermokeratoplasty},
   journal = {J Cataract Refract Surg},
   volume = {26(5)},
   Year = {2000},
   pages = {744-54},
   note = {0886-3350 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To investigate thermomechanical aspects of corneal collagen denaturation as a function of temperature and time and the effect of the induced forces on refractive changes with laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK). SETTING: Medical Laser Center Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany. METHODS: In a material-test setup, porcine corneal strips were denatured in paraffin oil at various constant temperatures for 10 and 500 seconds, and the temporal course of the contractive forces was studied under isometric conditions. Typical LTK lesions were performed in porcine eyes in vitro with a continuous-wave infrared laser diode at a wavelength of 1.87 microm for 10 and 60 seconds. The laser power was chosen to achieve comparable denatured volumes at both irradiation times. The refractive changes were measured and analyzed by histologic evaluations and temperature calculations. RESULTS: The time course of the induced forces was characterized by a maximal force, which increased almost linearly with temperature, and a residual lower force. After 500 seconds of heating, the highest force was achieved with a temperature of 75 degrees C. With a limited heating period of only 10 seconds, the forces steadily increased with temperature over the entire observation period. Laser thermokeratoplasty produced less refractive change after 10 seconds of irradiation than after 60 seconds, although the laser power was 25% higher in the short heating period. Polarization light microscopy of LTK lesions revealed different stages of thermal damage. CONCLUSION: The course of the contractive forces during and after heating is a complicated function of the spatial time/temperature profile. Laser thermokeratoplasty lesions produced with 2 irradiation times showed different stages of denaturation and induced refractive change.},
   keywords = {Animals
Body Temperature
Collagen/*metabolism
Cornea/metabolism/pathology/*surgery
*Laser Coagulation
Microscopy, Polarization
Protein Denaturation
Swine
Time Factors},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10831907},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hoerauf2000,
   author = {Hoerauf, H. and Gordes, R. and Scholz, C. and Koch, P. and Engelhardt, R. and Wirbelauer, C. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {First experimental and clinical results of transscleral OCT},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {41},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S786-S786},
   note = {Suppl. S
300HF
4171B118
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000086246704240},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Teschner2000,
   author = {Teschner, S. and Noack, J. and Birngruber, R. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U.},
   title = {Documentation of perfusion and leakage characteristics in age-related macular degeneration by dynamic topographic angiography},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {41},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S170-S170},
   note = {Suppl. S
300HF
882b257
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000086246700881},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Meyer2000,
   author = {Meyer, C. and Hoerauf, H. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Roider, J. and Scholz, C. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Correlation of morphologic changes between optical coherence tomography and topographic angiography in a case of gyrate atrophy},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {97},
   number = {1},
   pages = {41-46},
   note = {283HG
Times Cited:5
Cited References Count:10},
   abstract = {Purpose:To characterize ultrastrructual changes in atrophic disease of the retina, RPE and choroid as seen with gyrate atrophy using two new diagnostic modalities, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and topographic angiography.
Patient and method: OCT images were taken in a patient with pericentral choroidal atrophy using a slit-lamp-adapted OCT system. Ophthalmoscopy, conventional and topographic angiographic findings were correlated to the reflectivity changes as seen an OCT.
Results:Areas of chorioretinal atrophy correlated with a loss of reflectivity in the RPE-choriocapillaris complex on OCT. Additionally OCT identified a thinning of the nerve fiber layer. Topographic angiography demonstrated an extensive defect, seen as an area of depression, consistent with a loss of choriocapillaris and larger-sized choroidal vessels. In contrast to conventional angiography, central islands were not found to demonstrate structural intensity, while the midperipheral surrounding area was clearly elevated to physiological levels.
Conclusion: OCT and topographic angiography provide in vivo insight into morphologic changes within neurosensory retina and choroid caused by pericentral choroidal atrophy.},
   keywords = {optical coherence tomography
topographic aniography
pericentral choroidal atrophy
ornithine},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470050009},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000085269900009},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wirbelauer,
   author = {Wirbelauer, C. and Scholz, C. and Hoerauf, H. and Engelhardt, R. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Corneal optical coherence tomography before and immediately after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy},
   journal = {Am J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {130},
   number = {6},
   pages = {693-9},
year ={ 2000},
url = { https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002939400006024},
   note = {0002-9394 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To investigate the representation of the corneal structure with optical coherence tomography before and immediately after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. METHODS: Twenty-four eyes of 24 patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism were prospectively studied. The corneal thickness and the corneal profile were assessed with slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography preoperatively and immediately after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. RESULTS: The attempted mean spherical equivalent of the refractive corrections was -6.7 +/- 3.6 (mean +/- SD) diopters with a mean calculated stromal ablation depth of 91 +/- 38 microm. The corneal optical coherence tomography was reproducible in all patients, demonstrating a mean decrease of central corneal thickness after epithelial debridement and excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy of 118 +/- 45 microm. The comparison of the calculated stromal ablation depth and the corneal thickness changes determined by corneal optical coherence tomography revealed a significant linear relationship with a correlation coefficient of 0.88 (P <.001). The flattening of the corneal curvature was confirmed in all patients with the optical coherence tomography system and correlated with the attempted refractive correction (r =.82, P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: The slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography system presented in this study allowed noncontact, cross-sectional, and high-resolution imaging of the corneal configuration. This initial clinical evaluation demonstrated that corneal optical coherence tomography could be a promising diagnostic modality to monitor corneal changes of thickness and curvature before and after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy.},
   keywords = {Adult
Astigmatism/*diagnosis/surgery
Cornea/*pathology/surgery
*Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
Female
Humans
Interferometry
*Keratectomy, Photorefractive, Excimer Laser
Male
Middle Aged
Myopia/*diagnosis/surgery
Prospective Studies
Refraction, Ocular
Reproducibility of Results
Sound
}
}

@article{Wirbelauer2000,
   author = {Wirbelauer, C. and Koop, N. and Tuengler, A. and Geerling, G. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {Corneal endothelial cell damage after experimental diode laser thermal keratoplasty},
   journal = {J Refract Surg},
   volume = {16},
   number = {3},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034040252&origin=inward&txGid=6e537773e3e3f14b9b83f939c4a9ce7d},
   pages = {323-9},
   note = {Wirbelauer, C
Koop, N
Tuengler, A
Geerling, G
Birngruber, R
Laqua, H
Brinkmann, R
Journal Article
United States
J Refract Surg. 2000 May-Jun;16(3):323-9.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety of diode laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK) with respect to corneal endothelial cell damage. METHODS: In an in vitro animal model system, porcine eyes were irradiated with a continuously emitting laser diode at wavelengths (lambda) of 1.85 or 1.87 microm, corresponding to an absorption coefficient (micro(a)) of 1.1 or 2.0 mm(-1). Different irradiation and application parameters were tested serially. To determine the temperature threshold for endothelial damage, corneal buttons were analyzed separately in a waterbath experiment. The endothelial damage was assessed after trypan blue and alizarin red supravital staining under light microscopy. RESULTS: The thresholds for the 50% probability of thermal damage (ED50) were determined at corneal temperatures of 65 degrees C for a 10-second water-bath immersion, and 59 degrees C for 60 seconds. Coagulations that reached the deeper stromal layers revealed severe endothelial cellular alterations and areas of exposed Descemet's membrane. The thermally induced changes were dependent on laser power and the absorption coefficient (wavelength). Mean diameter of total endothelial cell damage was 245 +/- 154 microm (range, 0 to 594 microm) for an absorption coefficient of 1.1 mm(-1). The maximal lateral extent of endothelial cell damage induced by the laser exposure was 594 microm in diameter. Increasing the absorption coefficient decreased the penetration depth of the laser irradiation, creating a greater temperature rise within the corneal stroma and significantly less endothelial damage (P < .01), when the same laser power was applied. The calculated total area of damage for the paracentral human corneal endothelium ranged from 1.8% to 13.6%. CONCLUSION: Data obtained in this in vitro study were transferred to an endothelial cell damage nomogram, demonstrating that appropriate parameter improvements can minimize the adverse effects to the corneal endothelium. However, model adjustment to the human cornea indicates the potential for endothelial cell damage after diode laser thermal keratoplasty, and should be considered when performing this elective procedure.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anthraquinones
Cell Count
Cell Survival
Corneal Diseases/*etiology/pathology
Corneal Stroma/*surgery
Endothelium, Corneal/*pathology
Laser Coagulation/*adverse effects/methods
Necrosis
Safety
Swine
Trypan Blue},
   ISSN = {1081-597X (Print)
1081-597x},
   year = {2000},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann2000-1,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Huttmann, G. and Rogener, J. and Roider, J. and Birngruber, R. and Lin, C. P.},
   title = {Origin of retinal pigment epithelium cell damage by pulsed laser irradiance in the nanosecond to microsecond time regimen},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {27(5)},
   Year = { 2000},
url = { https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227934019_Origin_of_retinal_pigment_epithelium_cell_damage_by_pulsed_laser_irradiance_in_the_nanosecond_to_microsecond_time_regimen},
   pages = {451-64},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
In Vitro
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Selective photodamage of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a new technique to treat a variety of retinal diseases without causing adverse effects to surrounding tissues such as the neural retina including the photoreceptors and the choroid. In this study, the mechanism of cell damage after laser irradiation was investigated. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Single porcine RPE-melanosomes and RPE cells were irradiated with a Nd:YLF laser (wavelength lambda = 527 nm, adjustable pulse duration tau = 250 nsec-3 microsec) and a Nd:YAG laser (lambda = 532 nm, tau = 8 nsec). Fast flash photography was applied to observe vaporization at melanosomes in suspension. A fluorescence viability assay was used to probe the cells vitality. RESULTS: The threshold radiant exposures for vaporization around individual melanosomes and for ED50 cell damage are similar at 8-nsec pulse duration. Both thresholds increase with pulse duration; however, the ED50 cell damage radiant exposure is 40% lower at 3 microsec. Temperature calculations to model the onset of vaporization around the melanosomes are in good agreement with the experimental results when assuming a surface temperature of 150 degrees C to initiate vaporization and a homogeneous melanosome absorption coefficient of 8,000 cm(-1). Increasing the number of pulses delivered to RPE cells at a repetition rate of 500 Hz, the ED50 value }
}

@article{Sickenberg,
   author = {Sickenberg, M. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Miller, J. W. and Pournaras, C. J. and Zografos, L. and Piguet, B. and Donati, G. and Laqua, H. and Barbazetto, I. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Lane, A. M. and Birngruber, R. and van den Bergh, H. and Strong, H. A. and Manjuris, U. and Gray, T. and Fsadni, M. and Bressler, N. M.},
   title = {A preliminary study of photodynamic therapy using verteporfin for choroidal neovascularization in pathologic myopia, ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, angioid streaks, and idiopathic causes},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {118},
   number = {3},
   pages = {327-36},
year = { 2000},
url = { https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/412940},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Case Reports
Clinical Trial
Clinical Trial, Phase I
Clinical Trial, Phase II
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate short-term safety and the effects on visual acuity and fluorescein angiography of single or multiple sessions of photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) not related to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), including pathologic myopia, the ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, angioid streaks, and idiopathic causes. DESIGN: A nonrandomized, multicenter, open-label, dose-escalation phase 1 and 2 clinical trial. SETTING: Four ophthalmic centers in Europe and North America providing retinal care. PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen patients with subfoveal CNV due to pathologic myopia, the ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, angioid streaks, or idiopathic causes. METHODS: Standardized protocol refraction, visual acuity testing, ophthalmic examinations, color photographs, and fluorescein angiograms were used to evaluate the results of photodynamic therapy treatments with verteporfin. Follow-up ranged from 12 weeks for patients who were treated once to 43 weeks for patients who were treated up to 4 times. RESULTS: Verteporfin therapy was well tolerated in patients with CNV not related to AMD. No deterioration in visual acuity was observed; most patients gained at least 1 line of vision. Reduction in the size of leakage area from classic CNV was noted in all patients as early as 1 week after verteporfin therapy, with complete absence of leakage from classic CNV in almost half of the patients. Improvement in visual acuity after verteporfin therapy was greatest (+6, +8, and +9 lines) in 3 patients with relatively poor initial visual acuity (between 20/200 and 20/800). Up to 4 treatments were found to have short-term safety even with retreatment intervals as short as 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of CNV not related to AMD with verteporfin therapy achieves short-term cessation of fluorescein leakage from CNV in a small number of patients without loss of vision. Further randomized clinical trials including a larger number of patients are under way to confirm whether verteporfin therapy is beneficial for subfoveal CNV not related to AMD.},
   keywords = {Adult}
}

@article{Hoerauf,
   author = {Hoerauf, H. and Gordes, R. S. and Scholz, C. and Wirbelauer, C. and Koch, P. and Engelhardt, R. and Winkler, J. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {First experimental and clinical results with transscleral optical coherence tomography},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Surg Lasers},
   volume = {31},
   number = {3},
   pages = {218-22},
   note = {Hoerauf, H
Gordes, R S
Scholz, C
Wirbelauer, C
Koch, P
Engelhardt, R
Winkler, J
Laqua, H
Birngruber, R
Comparative Study
United states
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 2000 May-Jun;31(3):218-22.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potentials of optical coherence tomagraphy (OCT) using long wavelength to penetrate highly scattering tissues of the eye and visualize the anterior chamber angle and the ciliary body. METHODS: OCT images were generated by an experimental prototype in enucleated porcine eyes using as light source a superluminiscent diode with a wavelength of 1310 nm and a scan frequency of 60 Hz. The number of lateral scans was variable in a range from 100 to 400. RESULTS: Infrared OCT was able to penetrate the sclera. The anterior chamber angle could be visualized completely and the ciliary body could be identified. However, it was not possible to penetrate the highly reflective iris pigment epithelium. CONCLUSION: The use of infrared OCT allows penetration of the sclera, thus, providing complete visualization of the anterior chamber angle and limited demonstration of the ciliary body. Because of its higher resolution, it may represent an interesting noninvasive alternative to ultrasound biomicroscopy.},
   keywords = {Animals
Anterior Chamber/ anatomy & histology
Ciliary Body/ anatomy & histology
Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
Humans
Interferometry
Iris/ anatomy & histology
Light
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/cytology
Reference Values
Sclera
Swine
Tomography/ methods},
   year = { 2000}
}

@article{Hüttmann1999,
   author = {Huttmann, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {On the possibility of high-precision photothermal microeffects and the measurement of fast thermal denaturation of proteins},
   journal = {Ieee Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
   volume = {5},
   number = {4},
   pages = {954-962},
   note = {248CM
Times Cited:77
Cited References Count:43},
   abstract = {The precision of laser-induced effects is often limited by thermal and thermomechanical collateral damage. Adjusting the pulsewidth of the laser to the size of the absorbing structure can at least avoid thermal side effects and facilitates a selective treatment of vessels or pigmented cells. Further extending the precision of thermal effects below cellular dimensions by using nanometer sized particles could open up new fields of applications for lasers in medicine and biology. Calculations show that under irradiation with nano- or picosecond laser pulses gold particles of submicrometer size can easily be heated by several hundred K, High temperatures have to be used for subcellular thermal effects, because heat confinement to such small structures requires the thermal damage to occur in extremely short times. Estimating the denaturation temperature by extrapolating the Arrhenius equation from a time range of minutes and seconds into a time range of nano- and picoseconds leads to temperatures beta;een 370 K-470 K, There is evidence that in aqueous media, due to the surface tension, these temperatures can be generated at the surface of nanometer sized particles without vaporization of the surrounding water,
In order to show whether or not an extrapolation of the damage rates over six to nine orders of magnitude gives correct data, a temperature-jump experiment was designed and tested which allows to measure denaturation rates of proteins in the millisecond time range. Denaturation of chymotrypsin was observed within 300 mu s at temperatures below 380 K, The rate constants for the unfolding of chymotrypsin followed the Arrhenius equation up to rates of 3000 s(-1).},
   keywords = {laser medicine
microeffects
protein denaturation
thermal effects
assisted laser inactivation},
   ISSN = {1077-260X},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1109/2944.796317},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000083257800013},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1999,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Theisen, D. and Brendel, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Single-pulse 30-J holmium laser for myocardial revascularization - A study on ablation dynamics in comparison to CO2 laser-TMR},
   journal = {Ieee Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
   volume = {5},
   number = {4},
   pages = {969-980},
   note = {248CM
Times Cited:9
Cited References Count:40},
   abstract = {Endocardial laser revascularization (ELR) is a new technique to treat coronary heart disease in a percutaneous, minimally invasive approach. A holmium laser (lambda = 2.12 mu m) was developed to emit pulse energies of up to 30 J in order to ablate the desired channels in a single laser pulse. The energy was transmitted by multimode flexible optical waveguides as required for ELR, Ablation dynamics were investigated in two model systems, water serving as blood model and polyacrylamide (PAA) as a transparent tissue phantom. Measurements were undertaken using pulse energies of 12 J at pulse durations of 2.2 and 8 ms with a beam diameter of 1 mm, For comparison with the clinically established method of transmyocardial revascularization (TMR), ablations were also investigated with a standard 800 W TMR CO2 laser. The dynamics were recorded with a drum camera and stroboscope illumination providing a high framing rate of a single ablation process. Tissue ablation was quantified with the holmium laser in vitro on porcine heart tissue using pulse energies of up to 20 J, Tissue morphology was evaluated using polarization light microscopy to determine thermal and mechanical collateral damage zones. Oscillating vapor bubble channels were found in water and PAA with all laser systems and parameters used. Quasi-static vapor bubbles are observed in water in the millisecond time range using the holmium laser. CO2 laser radiation performed deeper channels in PAA than holmium laser pulses using the same radiant exposure. Channel depths of up to 10 mm were achieved with the holmium laser in myocardial tissue with pulse energies of 17 J, Thermal damage zones of about 150 mu m for the CO2 and 500 mu m for the holmium laser were found. The orientation of myocardial fibrils significantly influences the shape of the ablated cavities and the thermo-mechanical collateral damage zones. In conclusion, the results are very encouraging and demonstrate the potential of a catheter-based minimal invasive procedure for heart reperfusion using single high energy laser pulses.},
   keywords = {ablation dynamics
co2 laser
elr
fast flash photography
heart revascularization
holmium laser
polyacrylamide
tmlr
tmr
transmyocardial revascularization
tissue ablation
channels
generation
duration
water
blood},
   ISSN = {1077-260X},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1109/2944.796319},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000083257800015},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1999,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Rögener, J. and Lin, C.P. and Roider, J. and Birngruber, R. and Hüttmann, G.},
   title = {Selective RPE-Photodestruction: Mechanism of Cell Damage by pulsed laser irradiance in the ns to µs time regime},
   journal = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {3601},
   pages = {59-65},
   year = { 1999}
}