@article{Roider1999,
   author = {Roider, J. and Brinkmann, R. and Wirbelauer, C. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Retinal sparing by selective retinal pigment epithelial photocoagulation},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {117},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1028-34},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether photocoagulation of the retinal pigment epithelium is possible with sparing of the photoreceptors. METHODS: Mild laser effects of a neodymium:yttrium-lithium-fluoride (Nd:YLF) laser (527 nm) were applied to 17 patients. To establish the necessary energy, test exposures were performed to the lower macula (laser variables: 1.7 microseconds, 100 and 500 pulses applied in a train at 500 Hz, 20-130 microJ, 160 microm). Of 179 test lesions, 73 were followed up at various time intervals up to 1 year by performing microperimetry directly on top of the laser lesions. RESULTS: All of the test lesions were at the threshold of retinal pigment epithelial disruption, and none of the laser effects were visible by ophthalmoscopy during photocoagulation; they were detectable only by fluorescein angiography. After exposure with 500 pulses, retinal defects were detected in up to 73% of the patients (100 microJ) after the first day. Most of these defects were no longer detectable after 3 months. After exposure with 100 pulses, no defects could be detected with 70 and 100 microJ after 1 day. The absence of microscotomas in the follow-up period suggests that retinal damage was minimal or, if it occurred, was functionally repaired. CONCLUSION: By choosing proper energy and number of pulses, it is possible to produce retinal pigment epithelial effects with no subsequent retinal damage detectable by microperimetry.},
   keywords = {Adult
Eye Injuries/physiopathology/*prevention & control
Female
Fluorescein Angiography
Follow-Up Studies
Fundus Oculi
Humans
*Laser Coagulation/methods
Male
Middle Aged
Ophthalmoscopy
Perimetry
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/physiopathology/*surgery
Retina/injuries/*physiopathology
Retinal Diseases/physiopathology/*surgery
Visual Acuity},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10448745},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Miller, J. W. and Sickenberg, M. and Laqua, H. and Barbazetto, I. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Zografos, L. and Piguet, B. and Pournaras, C. J. and Donati, G. and Lane, A. M. and Birngruber, R. and van den Berg, H. and Strong, H. A. and Manjuris, U. and Gray, T. and Fsadni, M. and Bressler, N. M.},
   title = {Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for choroidal neovascularization caused by age-related macular degeneration: results of retreatments in a phase 1 and 2 study},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {117},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1177-87},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Clinical Trial
Clinical Trial, Phase I
Clinical Trial, Phase II
Comment
Journal Article
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To evaluate safety and short-term visual acuity and fluorescein angiographic effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) after retreatments with verteporfin for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that demonstrated fluorescein leakage after at least 1 course of PDT. DESIGN: Nonrandomized, multicenter, open-label phase 1 and 2 clinical trial using 2 different retreatment dosage regimens. SETTING: Four ophthalmic centers in Europe and North America providing retinal care. METHODS: Standardized protocol refraction, visual acuity testing, ophthalmic examinations, color photographs, and fluorescein angiograms were used to evaluate the results of multiple PDT treatments. Two regimens (regimens 2 and 4) for treatment and retreatment were chosen from 5 used in a single-treatment study. Both regimens used a verteporfin dose of 6 mg/m2 infused for 10 minutes. However, regimen 2 used a light dose of 100 J/cm2 applied 20 minutes after the start of the verteporfin infusion, whereas regimen 4 used a light dose of 50, 75, or 100 J/cm2 applied 15 minutes after infusion commenced. Posttreatment evaluations were planned in 31 participants up to 3 months after up to 2 retreatments given at 2- or 4-week intervals after initial PDT treatment. Similar posttreatment evaluations were planned after retreatments in 5 additional participants who were reenrolled some time more than 12 weeks after an initial PDT treatment. RESULTS: The average visual acuity change for the 31 participants who had retreatment within 2 to 4 weeks after the initial treatment and a follow-up examination 16 to 20 weeks after the initial treatment was 0.2 lines (range, -4 to 4 lines) in regimen 2 and -1.0 line (range, -5 to 3 lines) in regimen 4. Similar outcomes were noted in the 5 reenrolled participants. Cessation of fluorescein leakage from classic CNV for at least 1 to 4 weeks could be achieved without loss of visual acuity after at least 2 treatments in 2 (6.5%) of 31 patients. Similar to single-treatment effects, the disappearance of leakage was documented regularly at 1 week after each retreatment. Fluorescein leakage reappeared by 4 to 12 weeks after a retreatment in almost all cases. However, compared with baseline, leakage activity appeared to be reduced after multiple PDT courses. For the 31 patients who had follow-up for 3 months after the last retreatment and had received retreatment 2 to 4 weeks after the initial treatment, progression of CNV beyond the area identified before the retreatment was noted in 10 (48%) of the 21 eyes with classic CNV in regimen 2 and 9 (90%) of 10 eyes in regimen 4. The rate and severity of ocular or systemic adverse events were not increased by multiple applications. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple applications of PDT with verteporfin achieve repetitive, short-term cessation of fluorescein leakage from CNV secondary to AMD, without loss of visual acuity. This strategy can be used in randomized clinical trials investigating the efficacy of verteporfin in PDT for recurrent fluorescein dye leakage from persistent or recurrent CNV, following an initial or subsequent PDT treatment, with maintenance of visual acuity. Retreatments may achieve progressive cessation of leakage and prevent further growth of CNV and subsequent visual loss.},
   keywords = {Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Capillary Permeability/drug effects
Choroid/blood supply
Choroidal Neovascularization/*drug therapy/etiology/metabolism/pathology
Female
Fluorescein/metabolism
Fluorescein Angiography
Follow-Up Studies
Fundus Oculi
Humans
Macular Degeneration/*complications
Male
Middle Aged
*Photochemotherapy
Photosensitizing Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Porphyrins/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Retreatment
Safety
Treatment Outcome
Visual Acuity},
   year = {1999}
}

@article{TAP,
   author = {TAP, Study group},
   title = {Photodynamic Therapy of Subfoveal Choroidal Neovascularization in Age-related Macular Degeneration with Verteporfin - One-Year Results of 2 Randomized Clinical Trials - TAP Report 1},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {117},
   pages = {1329-1345},
   year = {1999}
}

@article{Hüttmann,
   author = {Hüttmann, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {On the Possibility of High-Precision Photothermal Microeffects and the Measurement of Fast thermal Denaturation of Proteins.},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {5},
   number = {4},
   pages = {954-962},
   year = {1999}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J. and Nahen, K. and Theisen, D. and Busch, S. and Parlitz, U. and Hammer, D.X. and Noojin, G. D. and Rockwell, B.A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Energy balance of optical breakdown in water at nanosecond to femtosecond time scales},
   journal = {Appl Phys B},
   volume = {68},
   number = {271-280},
   year = {1999}
}

@article{Roider1999,
   author = {Roider, J. and Buesgen, P. and Hoerauf, H. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Macular injury by a military range finder},
   journal = {Retina-the Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases},
   volume = {19},
   number = {6},
   pages = {531-535},
   note = {403KZ
Times Cited:11
Cited References Count:18},
   abstract = {Objective: The authors report the clinical findings of a civilian patient who unintentionally looked into the laser beam of a military range finder. Detailed information on the range finder is given. The objective is to illustrate the potential danger of such devices and to give detailed information on the device, the clinical findings associated with exposure, and the laser-tissue interaction mechanism.
Methods: The patient was examined with fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, microperimetry, and optical coherence tomography, both in the acute stage (2 hours) and 4 weeks later. Fluorescein angiography was performed again 4 months later. A total of 100 mg prednisone tapered over 9 days was prescribed. Additionally, 50 mug tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) and 0.5 mt pure C2F6 were injected in the vitreous.
Results: In the acute phase, hemorrhage was located beneath the retina, primarily beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. Retinal defects as seen initially over the subretinal blood were reduced after 4 weeks, but a retinal defect ranging from the lasered site toward the fovea remained. Visual acuity slightly increased from 20/100 to 20/63 after 4 weeks. Indocyanine green angiography showed a large hypofluorescent spot in the macula. Four months after the accident, a classic choroidal neovascularization developed, originating from the lasered site. The technical parameters of the range finder were: Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm), pulse duration 10 ns, beam divergence 1.5 mrad, energy 10 mJ.
Conclusion: A range finder can produce severe macular injury. The primary laser-tissue interaction mechanism seems to be explosive disruption of choroidal tissue. Intravitreal injection of TPA and C2F6 did not show a clear benefit to such laser lesions. A late complication can be secondary choroidal neovascularization.},
   keywords = {laser accident
range finder
nd : yag
tissue plasminogen activator
choroidal neovascularization
retinal injury
yag laser
neovascularization
neodymium},
   ISSN = {0275-004X},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1097/00006982-199911000-00009},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000167042200009},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Nahen, K. and Theisen-Kunde, D. and Birngruber, R. and Thomas, J. and Rockwell, B.A.},
   title = {Influence of optical aberrations on laser-induced plasma formation in water, and their consequences for intraocular photodisruption},
   journal = {Appl Optics},
   volume = {38},
   number = {16},
   pages = {3636-3643},
   year = {1999}
}

@article{Brinkmann-1999,
   author = {Theisen, D.;Brendel, T.;Birngrub.R and Brinkman, R},
   title = {Endokardiale Laser Revaskularisation des Myokards mittels 20 J Einzelpuls Holmium Laserstrahlung},
   journal = {Laser-Medizin: eine interdisziplinäre Zeitschrift ; Praxis, Klinik, Forschung},
   volume = {14},
   number = {4},
   pages = {125 - 128},
   ISSN = {0938-765X},
   DOI = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0938-765X(99)80019-4},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Geerling1999,
   author = {Geerling, G. and Koop, N. and Tungler, A. and Brinkmann, R. and Wirbelauer, C. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Diode laser thermokeratoplasty. Initial clinical experiences},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {96},
   number = {5},
   pages = {306-11},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Pulsed holmium lasers are currently used to correct hyperopia by means of laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK). Series of microsecond laser pulses are applied with a high repetition rate to induce shrinkage of corneal collagen fibers. The pulsed energy application results in intrastromal temperature peaks of up to 200 degrees C. A continuously emitting laser diode can--as we demonstrated recently in an invivo study on minipigs--be used for LTK and may be of advantage because the temperature rise is more steady. The aim of this study was to examine the safety, amount, and stability of hyperopic correction of diode LTK on blind human eyes. METHODS: We used a laserdiode that was set to continuously emit light at lambda = 1.854 microns/mu a = 1.04 mm-1 (group I, n = 4) or 1.87 microns/mu a = 1.92 mm-1 (group II, n = 4). Radiation energy was 100 to 150 mW for 10 s per coagulation. Eight coagulations on a single ring (group I) and 16 coagulations on a double ring (group II) diameter were applied in the cornea concentric to the entrance pupil by means of a vacuum-fixed application mask (group I = conjunctival fixation; group II = corneal fixation) and a handpiece with a focusing optic. Preoperatively as well as 1 week, 1, 2, 3, 6 12 and 18 months postoperative ophthalmologic controls were performed and the corneal refractive power was measured. RESULTS: In group I initial refractive changes of up to +4.9 D were achieved (1 week postoperative). However, due to the great penetration depth of the laser irradiation, large endothelial defects resulted beneath the stromal coagulations. In group II an initial refractive change of up to +6.8 D was achieved and as a result of the reduced penetration depth, the endothelial cell damage was much reduced. Partial regression of the refractive effect occurred in all subjects, which continued in higher refractive changes during the 2nd postoperative year. The refractive effect at 12 months was +0.6 to +1.5 D in group I and +0.9 to +5.7 D in group II. At 12 months the induced astigmatism was 0.5 to 2.2 D in group I and 0.3 to 1.6 D in group II. No serious adverse effects were noticed. CONCLUSION: A continously emitting laser diode working at a wavelength of 1.87 microns can be used to correct hyperopia by means of LTK safely and effectively. Regression occurs predominantly in the first 6 postoperative months. Further studies must be conducted to determine the importance of patient inherent parameters such as age in establishing a nomogram.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Blindness/*surgery
Corneal Topography
English Abstract
Equipment Safety
Female
Human
Hyperopia/*surgery
Keratectomy, Photorefractive, Excimer Laser/*instrumentation
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Male
Middle Age
Postoperative Complications/etiology
Refraction, Ocular
Temperature},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Geerling1999,
   author = {Geerling, G. and Koop, N. and Brinkmann, R. and Tungler, A. and Wirbelauer, C. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Continuous-wave diode laser thermokeratoplasty: first clinical experience in blind human eyes},
   journal = {J Cataract Refract Surg},
   volume = {25},
   number = {1},
   pages = {32-40},
   note = {0886-3350 (Print)
Clinical Trial
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and stability of laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) with a continuous-wave diode laser in blind human eyes and to optimize parameters for a study in sighted eyes. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University Lubeck, Germany. METHODS: A continuous-wave diode laser was set to emit radiation with a wavelength of 1.854 microns (Group 1, n = 4) or 1.870 microns (Group 2, n = 4) and 100 to 150 mW power for 10 seconds. A focusing handpiece was coupled with an application mask and fixed by partial vacuum to the conjunctiva or cornea. The radiation was focused into the corneal stroma between 400 and 600 microns in Group 1 and set to 1000 microns in Group 2. Eight (Group 1, single ring) or 16 (Group 2, double ring) coagulations were applied. RESULTS: The refractive change increased with higher laser power and smaller ring diameters. Two rings of coagulations provided higher and more stable refractive changes of up to 5.66 diopters (D) than a single ring. The refractive effect stabilized between 3 and 6 months postoperatively. At 1 year, mean refractive change was +0.99 D +/- 0.39 (SD) in Group 1 and +2.32 +/- 2.24 D in Group 2. Extensive endothelial damage occurred in Group 1 but was minimal in Group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Diode LTK was used to treat hyperopia safely and effectively. Regression occurred mainly in the first 3 postoperative months. With a wavelength of 1.870 microns, corneal endothelial damage was limited.},
   keywords = {Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Blindness/*complications
Corneal Stroma/pathology/physiopathology/*surgery
Corneal Topography
Female
Humans
Hyperopia/pathology/physiopathology/*surgery
Laser Coagulation/adverse effects/*methods
Male
Middle Aged
Postoperative Complications
Safety},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9888074},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1999,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Noack, J. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U.},
   title = {Confocal laserscanning fluorescence topography of chorioretinal vascular structures},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {40},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S571-S571},
   note = {178MF
3007
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000079269203007},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Noack, J. and Teschner, S. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Confocal indocyanine green angiography with 3-dimensional topography. Results in choroid neovascularization (CNV)]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {96},
   number = {12},
   pages = {797-804},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   month = {Dec},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Confocal indocyanin green angiography (ICGA) offers detailed two-dimensional imaging of choroidal pathologies. However, the spatial extension of lesions is not reproduced. We developed a novel method for three-dimensional documentation of choroidal vascular abnormalities. METHODS: Focal series were performed using a laser scanning ophthalmoscope (Heidelberg Retina Angiograph). Thirty-two images within a distance of 4 mm were taken at a frequency of 20 Hz. Following correction of dislocation, a surface of normalized fluorescence intensity was determined and displayed topographically. RESULTS: In physiological eyes three-dimensional ICGA demonstrates the homogeneous concavity of the choroid with prominent overlay of retinal vessels. Classic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) imposes as substantial elevation. Occult CNV are demarcated despite negative conventional ICGA due to reduction of blocking phenomena. Therapeutic interventions such as photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy and surgery induce a resolution of CNV with or without residual defects within the choroidal pattern. CONCLUSION: Topographic ICGA allows for the first time in-vivo representation of prominence and depth of vascularized pathologies and provides a tool for improved diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation.},
   keywords = {Choroidal Neovascularization/*diagnosis
*Fluorescein Angiography
Humans
*Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
Indocyanine Green/*diagnostic use
Macular Degeneration/diagnosis
*Microscopy, Confocal
*Ophthalmoscopes
Sensitivity and Specificity},
   year = {1999}
}

@article{Brendel1999,
   author = {Brendel, T. and Brinkmann, R.  and Theisen, D.  and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Ablation Dynamics of High Energy IR Laser Pulses in Myocardial Revascularization},
   journal = {Biomedical Optics, OSA Technical Digest},
   pages = {152-154},
   year = {1999},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Vogel1998-1,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Nahen, Kester and Theisen, Dirk and Birngruber, Reginald and Thomas, Robert J and Rockwell, Benjamin A},
   title = {Influence of optical aberrations on laser-induced plasma formation in water and their consequences for intraocular photodisruption},
   booktitle = {BiOS'98 International Biomedical Optics Symposium},
   publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
   pages = {120-131},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
Year = { 1998}
}

@article{Roider1998,
   author = {Roider, J. and Lindemann, C. and el-Hifnawi el, S. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Therapeutic range of repetitive nanosecond laser exposures in selective RPE photocoagulation},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {236},
   number = {3},
   pages = {213-9},
   note = {0721-832X (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate whether selective damage the RPE while sparing the adjacent photoreceptors is possible with repetitive 200-ns pulses of Nd:YAG laser (532 nm) and what potential side effects can be expected with higher pulse energies. METHODS: We irradiated the retinas of 19 eyes of 10 chinchilla rabbits with 500 pulses from a Nd:YAG laser, each 200 ns in duration, at a repetition rate of 500 Hz (158 microns, 0-120 microJ). Threshold curves for different effects were established. Representative lesions were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: It was possible to produce lesions, which were only visible by fluorescein angiography. The ED50 threshold energy per pulse for visibility by fluorescein angiography was 2.1 microJ per pulse, for visibility by ophthalmoscopy 8.6 microJ. Bubble formation, an uncommon phenomenon in retinal photocoagulation, occurred at energies of 15-25 microJ. Hemorrhage occurred at surprisingly high energy levels of more than 100 microJ. Histology performed on lesions visible only by angiography showed damage primarily to the RPE and outer segments, with very little damage to some inner segments dependent on the energy used. CONCLUSIONS: Selective RPE damage is possible with repetitive 200-ns laser pulses and appropriate energy; however, the collateral damage to the adjacent retina is more pronounced than with repetitive microsecond laser pulses. There is no risk of hemorrhage of retinal photocoagulation with the repetitive 200-ns laser pulses at low energy levels which would be used clinically.},
   keywords = {Animals
Eye Injuries/etiology/pathology
Fundus Oculi
Laser Coagulation/adverse effects/*methods
Photoreceptors/injuries/ultrastructure
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/*surgery/ultrastructure
Rabbits
Reoperation
Retinal Hemorrhage/etiology
Safety},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9541826},
   year = {1998},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1998,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Photodynamic therapy in ocular vascular disease (Reprinted from IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol 2, 1996)},
   journal = {Laser Physics},
   volume = {8},
   number = {1},
   pages = {191-198},
   note = {Zb459
Times Cited:4
Cited References Count:58},
   abstract = {Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel therapeutical approach which is noninvasive and potentially selective for neoplastic pathologies. Association of photosensitizers with low density lipoprotein (LDL) leads to direct targeting of the treated lesions with enhanced efficiency and selectivity. LDL-mediated PDT is particularly useful in the treatment of neovascular structures since LDL receptors are abundantly expressed on vascular endothelial cells. To evaluate the potential of selective photodynamic vasoocclusion in ocular neovascular disease, a sequence of experiments was designed: efficiency of the LDL-carrier was tested in vitro, and the system was then transferred to an in vivo model demonstrating a vascularized neoplasm. Occlusion was successfully performed in experimentally-induced neovascularization in the cornea, while selective photothrombosis of subretinal vasculature revealed lack of collateral damage. The experimental results were used to establish a first clinical trial for the use of PDT in age-related macular degeneration, one of the leading causes for blindness.},
   keywords = {low-density-lipoprotein
receptor activity
plasma-lipoproteins
singlet oxygen
cells-invitro
murine tumor
hematoporphyrin
invivo
benzoporphyrin
retinoblastoma},
   ISSN = {1054-660X},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000072474100030},
   year = {1998},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Welzel1998,
   author = {Welzel, J. and Lankenau, E. and Birngruber, R. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {Optical coherence tomography of the skin},
   journal = {Curr Probl Dermatol},
   volume = {26},
   pages = {27-37},
   note = {1421-5721 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   keywords = {Biomedical Engineering
Blister/pathology
Eczema/pathology
Epidermis/anatomy & histology/pathology
Humans
Melanoma/pathology
Optics
Pemphigus/pathology
Scabies/parasitology/pathology
Skin/*anatomy & histology/pathology
Skin Neoplasms/pathology
Tomography/*methods},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9597313},
   year = {1998},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Vogel1998,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Noack, Joachim and Nahen, Kester and Theisen, Dirk and Birngruber, Reginald and Hammer, Daniel X and Noojin, Gary D and Rockwell, Benjamin A},
   title = {Laser-induced breakdown in the eye at pulse durations from 80 ns to 100 fs},
   booktitle = {BiOS'98 International Biomedical Optics Symposium},
   publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
   pages = {34-49},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
URL = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.308220},
year = { 1998}
}

@article{Brinkmann1998,
   author = {Brinkmann, R and Koop, N. and Kamm, K. and Geerling, G. and Kampmeier, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser Thermokeratoplastik: eine in vitro- und in vivo-Studie mit kontinuierlich emittierender Laserdiode im mittleren IR-Spektralbereich.},
   journal = {Laser in der Medizin, Proc. Laser 97},
   pages = {412-416},
   year = {1998},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1998,
   author = {Brinkmann, R and Theisen, D. and Stubbe, H.M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Endocardial Laser Revascularization with Single High Energy Laser Pulses},
   journal = {OSA TOPS},
   volume = {22},
   pages = {272-276},
   year = { 1998},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1998,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Knipper, A. and Dröge, G. and Schroer, F. and Gromoll, B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Fundamental Studies of Fiber-Guided Soft Tissue Cutting by Means of Pulsed Midinfrared IR lasers and their Application in Ureterotomy},
   journal = {J Biomed Opt},
   volume = {3},
   number = {1},
   pages = {85-95},
   year = { 1998}
}

@article{Roider1998,
   author = {Roider, J. and El Hifnawi, E. S. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Bubble formation as primary interaction mechanism in retinal laser exposure with 200-ns laser pulses},
   journal = {Lasers in Surgery and Medicine},
   volume = {22},
   number = {4},
   pages = {240-248},
   note = {Zl426
Times Cited:15
Cited References Count:23},
   abstract = {Background and Objective: Retinal laser photocoagulation is generally performed by laser pulses of a few hundred milliseconds. The tissue interaction mechanism is a pure thermal interaction mechanism. As pulse duration gets shorter, different, non-thermal interaction mechanisms start to appear. The time domain for a change of tissue interaction mechanism seems to be in the ns and mu s range. The goal of this study was to characterize the tissue interaction mechanism with 200-ns laser pulses, which approximate the thermal relaxation time of single melanin granules.
Materials and Methods: The retinas of 19 eyes of 10 rabbits were irradiated by 10 and 500 repetitive laser pulses (wavelength, 532 nm; repetition rate, 500 Hz; pulse duration, 200 ns; per pulse energy, 0-120 mu J; retinal spot size, 100 mu m). The effects were evaluated by fluorescein angiography, ophthalmoscopy and by theoretical thermal calculations. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were additionally performed on lesions irradiated by 500 pulses.
Results: Single pulse threshold energies for angiographic visibility were 3.5 mu J (10 pulses) and 2.1 mu J (500 pulses), for ophthalmoscopic visibility 9.0 mu J (10 pulses) vs. 8.6 mu J (500 pulses). At energy levels above ophthalmoscopic visibility macroscopically visible bubble formation inside the retina could be observed. This occurred at energy levels of 35 mu J (10 pulses) vs. 17 mu J (500 pulses). Microscopic evaluation of lesions irradiated with 500 pulses and energies at the angiographic threshold showed a damage primarily to the RPE. Additional outer segment damage of the photoreceptors could be found. A gap between damaged RPE cells and the outer segments could be repeatedly found as well as damaged RPE cells, which were detached from intact Bruch's membrane. Temperature calculation shows that temperatures above 100 degrees C may exist around single melanin granules.
Conclusion: The studies suggest that RPE damage may occur by bubble formation around single melanin granules. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
   keywords = {bubble
laser
melanin
retina
retinal pigment epithelium
injury
stress
radiation},
   ISSN = {0196-8092},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1002/(Sici)1096-9101(1998)22:4<240::Aid-Lsm9>3.0.Co;2-P},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000073431700009},
   year = {1998},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hüttmann1998,
   author = {Hüttmann, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Dynamics of Thermal Microeffects: Rate Constants of Thermal Denaturation Measured by a Temperature-Jump Experiment},
   journal = {OSA TOPS},
   volume = {22},
   pages = {300-305},
   year = {1998},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1998,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Geerling, G. and Kampmeier, J. and Borcherding, S. and Kamm, K. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Diode laser thermokeratoplasty: application strategy and dosimetry},
   journal = {J Cataract Refract Surg},
   volume = {24},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1195-207},
   note = {0886-3350 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To investigate suitable application parameters for efficient hyperopic correction by laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) using mid-infrared laser diodes. SETTING: Medical Laser Center Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany. METHOD: A tunable continuous-wave laser diode in the spectral range between 1.845 and 1.871 microns was used. Transmitted by waveguides, the laser energy was used to induce coagulations on freshly enucleated porcine eyes to increase corneal curvature. The coagulations were equidistantly applied by a fiber-cornea contact and a noncontact focusing device that were adjusted on a ring concentric to the corneal apex. Different laser parameters and application geometries were evaluated. Refractive changes were measured by computer-assisted corneal topography before and after treatment. Polarization light microscopy and temperature calculations were used to analyze the coagulations. RESULTS: Because of the tunability of the laser diode, the influence of the corneal absorption coefficient (between 0.9 and 1.6 mm-1) on the refractive change could be measured. A laser power between 125 and 200 mW was adequate to achieve refractive changes up to 10.0 diopters. In the preferable focusing device, the refractive change increased almost logarithmically with the irradiation time up to 15 seconds. The number of coagulations on a fixed application ring showed no significant influence on refractive change; however, it showed an almost linear decrease with increasing ring diameter from 5.0 to 10.0 mm. Histological analysis revealed 3 stages of thermal damage. CONCLUSION: Diode LTK provided defined and uniform coagulations when using a well-adapted focusing device, resulting in sufficient refractive change. The results indicate that diode LTK is superior to pulsed holmium LTK.},
   keywords = {Absorption
Animals
Cornea/pathology/physiopathology/*surgery
Hyperopia/pathology/physiopathology/*surgery
Laser Coagulation/*methods
Microscopy, Polarization
Refraction, Ocular
Swine},
   year = { 1998}
}

@article{Spiegel1998,
   author = {Spiegel, D. and Wetzel, W. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Comparison of the efficacy of ER-YAG laser sclerostomy ab externo versus trabeculectomy in the treatment of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {95},
   number = {8},
   pages = {537-541},
   note = {119TQ
Times Cited:3
Cited References Count:16},
   abstract = {Purpose: This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of the Er-YAG laser sclerostomy ab externo versus trabeculectomy in the treatment of primary open - angle glaucoma.
Methods: Twelve patients with POAG underwent ab externo laser sclerostomy using an Er-YAG laser (Sklerostom 2.9(R); lambda = 2940 nm, t = 200 mu s, 2 Hz, 400 mu m, 15 mJ). Only local medication was used, and there were no risk factors for failure. As a control group 12 patients out of 248 standardized trabeculectomies were matched in terms of age, sex, diagnosis and local medications. No antimetabolites were used in either group.
Results: After a follow-up of 9 months in the sclerostomy group 53%; (7/12; P = 0.03) showed a patent fistula in comparison of 100% in the trabeculectomy group. There was a significantly lower mean IOP during the first postsurgical week in the group of sclerostomies (3.6 +/- 1.5 mmHg versus 7.5 +/- 2.7 mmHg; P = 0.0001) with a higher incidence of choroidal detachments (9/12 versus 2/12; P = 0.004). The choroidal detachments lasted longer in the sclerostomy group (3.5 months versus 0.3 months; P = 0.014). Iris incarcerations were found only in sclerostomies (7/12; P = 0.05).
Conclusions: Based on these findings, Er-YAG laser sclerostomy prooved to be less effective than trabeculectomy in the treatment of glaucoma patients. Er-YAG laser sclerostomies were associated with a higher incidence of postsurgical complications such as hypotony, choroidal detachments and iris incarcerations. At this point Er-YAG laser sclerostomy is not superior to conventional trabeculectomy.},
   keywords = {glaucoma
er-yag laser
sclerostomy
trabeculectomy
filtration surgery
mitomycin
aphakia},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470050312},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000075913700003},
   year = {1998},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Vogel1998-2,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Noack, Joachim and Nahen, Kester and Theisen, Dirk and Busch, Stefan and Parlitz, Ulrich and Hammer, Daniel X and Noojin, Gary D and Rockwell, Benjamin A and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Energy balance of optical breakdown in water},
   booktitle = {BiOS'98 International Biomedical Optics Symposium},
   publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
   pages = {168-179},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
URL = { https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/3254/0000/Energy-balance-of-optical-breakdown-in-water/10.1117/12.308162.short},
Year = { 1998}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1997,
   author = {SchmidtErfurth, U. and Miller, J. W. and Sickenberg, M. and Bressler, N. M. and Laqua, H. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Zografos, L. and Hager, A. and Piguet, B. and Birngruber, R. and vandenBergh, H. and Strong, H. A. and Fsadni, M.},
   title = {Photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularisation in a phase I/II study: Preliminary results of multiple treatments},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {74-74},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:8
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18600074},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Koop1997,
   author = {Koop, N. and Brinkmann, R. and Lankenau, E. and Flache, S. and Engelhardt, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Optical coherence tomography of cornea and anterior segment of the eye},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {7},
   pages = {481-486},
   note = {Yp140
Times Cited:34
Cited References Count:19},
   abstract = {Target: The method of optical coherence tomography (OCT) was investigated regarding its suitability and limits for measuring the cornea and the anterior segment of the eye. Furthermore, the stromal expansion of thermally induced lesions in the cornea directly after irradiation was determined within the scope of the laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK).
Material and methods: With the experimental scanning OCT system, x-z sections of the anterior eye segment were made with an optical resolution of about 20 mu m axially and 25 mu m laterally. Freshly enucleated, tonicized porcine eyes were used as model eyes. Thermal lesions were applied with a continuously emitting laser diode (lambda=1.86 mu m) and various radiation parameters, Before and after coagulation, the cornea was viewed from limbus to limbus in a central OCT scan and the individual coagulation source was measured,
Results: Global and local changes of the thickness of the cornea as well as the distance between cornea and lens were measured with high precision. Thermal lesions in their expansion can be clearly presented and matching well with the histologically stained sections, bur are not as exactly defined at the edges due to the limited optical resolution, as known from histological preparations.
Conclusion: With the OCT method quantitative measuring of the anterior eye segment can be performed in vitro and with reduced resolutions also in vivo. Due to the qualitatively good correspondence regarding the dimensions of thermal damage of the cornea with histologically obtained morphometric results,this method can be used for supervision of coagulation directly after LTK as well as for examination of the individual healing process.},
   keywords = {optical coherence tomography
pachometry
laser thermokeratoplasty
thermal damage
tissue},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470050143},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000071246700003},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Welzel1997,
   author = {Welzel, J. and Lankenau, E. and Birngruber, R. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {Optical coherence tomography of the human skin},
   journal = {J Am Acad Dermatol},
   volume = {37},
   number = {6},
   pages = {958-63},
   note = {0190-9622 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new diagnostic method for tissue characterization. OBJECTIVE: We investigated normal and pathologic structures in human skin in several locations to evaluate the potential application of this technique to dermatology. METHODS: Based on the principle of low-coherence interferometry, cross-sectional images of the human skin can be obtained in vivo with a high spatial resolution of about 15 microns. Within a penetration depth of 0.5 to 1.5 mm, structures of the stratum corneum, the living epidermis, and the papillary dermis can be distinguished. RESULTS: Different layers could be detected that were differentiated by induction of experimental blisters and by comparison with corresponding histologic sections. Furthermore, OCT images of several skin diseases and tumors were obtained. CONCLUSION: OCT is a promising new imaging method for visualization of morphologic changes of superficial layers of the human skin. It may be useful for noninvasive diagnosis of bullous skin diseases, skin tumors, and in vivo investigation of pharmacologic effects.},
   keywords = {Adult
Anatomy, Cross-Sectional
Basement Membrane/pathology
Blister/diagnosis/pathology
Epidermis/anatomy & histology
Evaluation Studies
Female
Forearm/anatomy & histology
Hand/anatomy & histology
Humans
Hutchinson's Melanotic Freckle/diagnosis/pathology
Image Enhancement
Interferometry
Male
Melanoma/diagnosis/pathology
Nails/anatomy & histology
Optics
Skin/*anatomy & histology
Skin Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology
Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous/diagnosis/pathology
Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis/pathology
Tomography/*methods},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9418764},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Koop1997,
   author = {Koop, Norbert and Brinkmann, Ralf and Lankenau, Eva and Flache, Stefan and Engelhardt, Ralf and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Optische Kohärenztomographie der Kornea und des vorderen Augenabschnitts},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {7},
   pages = {481-486},
   ISSN = {1433-0423},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003470050143},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}