@article{Yoshimoto1984,
   author = {Yoshimoto, H. and Kampik, A. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Vitreous morphology after carbon dioxide laser irradiation},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {221},
   number = {6},
   pages = {276-81},
   note = {0721-832X (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The immediate vitreous changes produced by a continuous-wave carbon-dioxide laser beam in freshly enucleated bovine and pig eyes were studied by gross examination with a dissecting microscope, and histopathologically by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The lesions produced by the laser beam on the vitreous in an air tissue interface technique were remarkable for their ring-shaped vitreous condensations. The diameter and density of these condensations increased with irradiance. With the same irradiation parameters the lesions at the anterior hyaloid membranes showed greater size and density than those in the central area of the vitreous. These vitreous condensations were demonstrated to consist of heat-denatured collagen fibrils. For light microscopic evaluation of the vitreous a modified method of tissue processing according to Szent Gyorgi has proven optimal in reducing vitreous shrinkage from dehydration. This method of fixation and tissue processing appeared to be useful in evaluating lesions of the vitreous and their relationship to their surroundings.},
   keywords = {Animals
Carbon Dioxide
Cattle
Histological Techniques
*Lasers
Microscopy, Electron
Swine
Vitreous Body/anatomy & histology/*radiation effects/ultrastructure},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6434376},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1983,
   author = {Birngruber, Reginald and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Experimental studies of laser thermal retinal injury},
   journal = {Health Phys},
   volume = {44},
   number = {5},
   pages = {519-31},
   note = {0017-9078 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {In damage tests conducted on rabbit and monkey eyes, the threshold values for retinal damage resulting from different laser radiation were determined. The reproduction of the "worst-case" situation was ensured by the test apparatus. All physical parameters, such as power/energy, exposure time, and retinal spot, were carefully controlled. Probit analysis showed a very precise determination of the threshold values based on ophthalmoscopical visibility. The attempt of a simple physical interpretation of the thresholds leads to contradictions in major points, so a detailed calculation of damage functions and thermal model calculations are necessary.},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects
Macaca
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries
AutoPhoN},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6853172},
   year = {1983},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1983,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Thermal versus photochemical damage in the retina--thermal calculations for exposure limits},
   journal = {Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K},
   volume = {103 ( Pt 4)},
   pages = {422-7},
   note = {0078-5334 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Different kinds of damage can be produced by intense light irradiation of the retina. These types of damage can be separated into changes which are induced by photochemical or thermal effects in the tissue. Photochemical damage occurs mainly with intense irradiation of a few seconds or longer whereas thermal effects appear to prevail at irradiation times in the 1 ms to 1000 ms-range. Distinction between photochemical and thermal damage is very difficult because both types of injury appear as disorders in the retinal pigment epithelium and the outer segments of the photoreceptors. A thermal model has therefore been developed which takes into account the light absorption in the different layers of RPE and choroid and allows the calculation of the temporal development of temperature at each site and depth of the fundus. Model calculations are used to correlate exposure parameters (wavelength, irradiance, exposure time etc.) with the resulting temperature profiles. This correlation leads to a better distinction between exposure limits for thermal and photochemical damage of the retina.},
   keywords = {Burns/etiology
Heat/*adverse effects
Humans
Light/*adverse effects
Models, Biological
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/injuries/radiation effects
Retina/*injuries/radiation effects
Temperature},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6600144},
   year = {1983},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1983,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B. and Weinberg, W. and Greite, J. H. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {[Complications in laser coagulation with the panfunduscope]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {79},
   number = {5},
   pages = {434-7},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Fluorescein Angiography/adverse effects/*instrumentation
Humans
Iris/injuries
Lasers/*adverse effects
Lens Nucleus, Crystalline/injuries
Lens, Crystalline/injuries
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6873800},
   year = {1983},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1982,
   author = {Weinberg, W and Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R and Gabel, V P},
   title = {Automatisch dosierte Photokoagulation zur Erzielung reproduzierbarer Efekte am Augenhintergrund},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {79},
   number = {2},
   pages = {155-8},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Disease Models, Animal
Light Coagulation/*methods
Rabbits
Retina/*pathology
Retinal Diseases/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7184835},
   year = {1982},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lorenz1982,
   author = {Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and May, S. and Weinberg, W.},
   title = {Die Beeinflussung der Aderhautdurchblutung durch Argonlaserkoagulation. Ein Vergleich zwischen Kaninchen und Affe.},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {79},
   number = {2},
   pages = {159-62},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Choroid/*blood supply/pathology
Humans
Lasers/*methods/*therapeutic use
Macaca mulatta
Rabbits
Radiation Dosage},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6892217},
   year = {1982},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1981,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Gefahren und Schutzmöglichkeiten beim Umgang mit Lasern.},
   journal = {Z prakt Augenheilkd},
   volume = {2},
   number = {1},
   pages = {17-19},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1981,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Weinberg, W. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Thermal Modeling in Retinal Photo-Coagulation},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Research},
   volume = {13},
   number = {5},
   pages = {273-273},
   note = {Mc979
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0030-3747},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1981MC97900062},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1981,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Ophthalmology as a Pioneer in the Use of Lasers in Medicine},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {178},
   number = {3},
   pages = {229-229},
   note = {Lq030
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1981LQ03000039},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lorenz1981,
   author = {Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Kampik, A.},
   title = {Netzhautveränderungen innerhalb von ringförmigen Laserkoagulationen aufgrund von Zirkulationsstörungen in der Aderhaut.},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {78},
   pages = {607-611},
   year = {1981},
url ={ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-88589-1_118},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weinberg1981,
   author = {Weinberg, W and Gabel, V P and Birngruber, Reginald and Lorenz, B and Müller, W},
   title = {Die zeitliche Entwicklung der Weißfärbung in Korrelation zur Schadensausdehnung bei der Photokoagulation der Netzhaut},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {78},
   pages = {603-606},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lorenz1981,
   author = {Lorenz, B. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Functional and Morphological-Studies on the Choroid inside Ring-Shaped Laser Coagulations},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Research},
   volume = {13},
   number = {5},
   pages = {267-267},
   note = {Mc979
Times Cited:2
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0030-3747},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1981MC97900044},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1981,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Der Einfluß der Expositionsparameter auf die Schadensausdehnung bei der Netzhautkoagulation, dargestellt anhand eines thermischen Modells.},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {78},
   pages = {599-602},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1981,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {A comparative study of threshold laser lesions in the retinae of human volunteers and rabbits},
   journal = {Health Phys},
   volume = {40},
   number = {2},
   pages = {238-40},
   note = {0017-9078 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Adult
Animals
Humans
Lasers/*adverse effects
Middle Aged
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7216803},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weinberg1981,
   author = {Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Correlation of the Extent of Lesions with Exposition Parameters in Retinal Photo-Coagulation},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Research},
   volume = {13},
   number = {5},
   pages = {273-273},
   note = {Mc979
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0030-3747},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1981MC97900061},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Gabel1980,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Comperative Experiments on Laser Threshold in Rabbits and Human Volunteers},
   booktitle = {Proc. 3rd Internat. Congress for Laser Surgery, Part II},
   editor = {Gabler, V P and Birngruber, Reginald},
   series = {Laser Surgery},
   publisher = {OT-PAZ},
   pages = {246-249},

}

@article{Birngruber1980,
   author = {Birngruber, Reginald and Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P. and Kain, H.},
   title = {Der Einfluß der Aderhautdurchblutung auf die Entstehung von thermischen Läsionen am Augenhintergrund},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {77},
   pages = {705-710},
   year = {1980}
}

@article{Birngruber1980,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P. and Kain, H.},
   title = {Heat Convection in the Choroid during Laser Coagulation},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Research},
   volume = {12},
   number = {3},
   pages = {157-157},
   note = {Ju200
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0030-3747},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1980JU20000072},
   year = {1980},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Weinberg1980,
   author = {Weinberg, W and Birngruber, Reginald and Gabel, V P and Kain, H},
   title = {Influence of Choroidal Blood Flow in Retinal Laser Coagulation},
   booktitle = {Proc. 3rd Internat Congress for Laser Surgery, Part II},
   editor = {Kaplan I, Asher PW},
   series = {Laser Surgery},
   publisher = {OT-PAZ},
   pages = {242-243},

}

@article{Boergen1980,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gorisch, W.},
   title = {Laser-Induced Endovascular Thrombosis as a Possibility of Selective Vessel Closure},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Research},
   volume = {12},
   number = {3},
   pages = {157-157},
   note = {Ju200
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0030-3747},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1980JU20000073},
   year = {1980},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1980,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Nichtionisiernde Strahlung: anwendung, Wirkungen, Schutzmaßnahmen, Strahlenbelastung bei speziellen diagnostischen und therapeutischen Eingriffen, Strahlenexposition bei der Computertomographie},
   journal = {Strahlenschutz Forsch Prax, Sonderdruck},
   volume = {20},
   pages = {57-64},
   note = {0081-5888 (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Eye Injuries/etiology/prevention & control
Humans
Lasers/*adverse effects
Occupational Diseases/prevention & control
Rabbits
Radiation Effects
*Radiation Protection},
   year = {1980}
}

@article{Boergen1980,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Göttinger, W.},
   title = {[Possibilities for ocular vessel coagulation (author's transl)]},
   journal = {Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd},
   volume = {177},
   number = {4},
   pages = {492-9},
   note = {0023-2165 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Present-day possibilities of influencing pathological ocular vessels using an argon laser are presented. A distinction is made here between indirect methods such as area coagulation and direct methods with which specific vessels are treated. Whereas clinical tests involving vessel coagulation with pigmented epithelium absorption have already been carried out more or less successfully, selective vessel coagulation with hemoglobin absorption is still largely at the experimental stage. Our own experiments on animals have shown, however, that with the selection of a suitable coagulation technique and the use of suitable exposure parameters, vessel occlusion can be induced with the argon laser. To achieve this, shortening of the exposure times is particularly necessary.},
   keywords = {Aged
Animals
Diabetic Retinopathy/*surgery
Humans
Lasers/*methods/*therapeutic use
Mesentery/blood supply
Middle Aged
Neovascularization, Pathologic
Rats
Retinal Vessels/*radiation effects},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6166787},
   year = {1980},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inbook{Birngruber1980,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Thermal Modeling in Biological Tissues},
   booktitle = {Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   editor = {Hillenkamp F, Pratesi R, Sacchi CA},
   series = {Nato Advanced Study Institute Series A-Life Sciences},
   address = {New York},
   volume = {34},
   pages = {77-97},
   year = {1980}
}

@article{BGB1979,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Drechsel, E. and Hillenkamp, F. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Minimal spot size on the retina formed by the optical system of the eye},
   journal = {Int Ophthalmol},
   volume = {1},
   number = {3},
   pages = {175-8},
   note = {0165-5701 (Print)
In Vitro
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {A knowledge of the quality of the ocular optical system is of primary importance in light- and laser-photocoagulation of the fundus. A study was therefore undertaken to determine the minimal spot size of a Helium-Neon laser focused on the retina of rabbits: freshly enucleated eyes were carefully mounted in a specially designed eye holder. A small hole was then trepanized through the sclera and neural retina in the macular region. A minimal spot was produced on the retina and the spot size was measured by scanning the intensity distribution of an enlarged image. It was shown that a diffraction limited spot size can be obtained under certain circumstances. The light scattering out of the focus, however, is about fify percent.},
   keywords = {Animals
*Lasers/therapeutic use
*Ocular Physiology
*Optics
Rabbits
Retina},
   year = {1979}
}

@inproceedings{Gabel1979,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Physical and Medical Aspects of Laser Safety},
   booktitle = {Laser 79, Opto-Electronics Conference proceedings},
   editor = {Waidlich, W.},
   publisher = {IPC Science and Technology Press Ltd.},
   pages = {6555-6591},
year = { 1979}

}

@article{Boergen1979,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Möglichkeiten einer selektiven Gefäßkoagulation am Augenhintergrund - Konsequenzen aus tierexperimentellen Modelluntersuchungen},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {76},
   pages = {561},
   year = {1979},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1979,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Fundusreflektometrie, thermische Modellrechnungen und Temperaturmessungen als Hilfsmittel zur Optimierung der Bestrahlungsparameter bei der Photokoagulation der Netzhaut.},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {76},
   pages = {563-567},
url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-87151-1_99},
   year = { 1979}
}

@article{Hillenkamp1979,
   author = {Hillenkamp, F. and R, Birngruber and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Laserschäden an Gewebe und Organen und ihre tierexperimentelle Untersuchung},
   journal = {PBT-OPT},
   volume = {8},
   pages = {93-112},
   year = {1979},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Boergen1979,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Experimental studies on argon laser coagulation of small blood vessels},
   journal = {Mod Probl Ophthalmol},
   volume = {20},
   pages = {174-83},
   note = {0077-0078 (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Arteries/*surgery
Arterioles/*surgery/ultrastructure
Blood Coagulation
Lasers/*methods/*therapeutic use
Microscopy/methods
Neovascularization, Pathologic
Rats
Retinal Vessels/surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=95029},
   year = {1979},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1979,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Weinberg, W. and McCord, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Comparison of temperature measurements and fundus reflectometry in laser coagulation},
   journal = {Mod Probl Ophthalmol},
   volume = {20},
   pages = {169-73},
   note = {0077-0078 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Color
*Fundus Oculi
*Heat
Lasers/*methods/*therapeutic use
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery
Time Factors},
   year = {1979}
}