@article{Schmidt,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Vogel, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {The influence of wavelength on the laser power required for retinal photocoagulation in cataractous human eyes.},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {2},
   pages = {69-78},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Temperature profiles in human retina and choroid during laser coagulation with different wavelengths ranging from 514 to 810 nm.},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {1},
   pages = {9-16},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Schmidt1992,
   author = {Schmidt, U. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Selektiver Verschluss okularer Neovaskularisationen durch photodynamische Therapie (PDT)},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {89},
   number = {5},
   pages = {391-4},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has successfully been used to induce vascular occlusion via endothelial damage and subsequent thrombosis. To increase the selective of this method for neovascularizations, characteristics in the ultrastructure of the proliferative vessel wall allow physiological vessels to be spared and predominantly neovascularizations to be occluded: (a) Due to the disturbance of the blood-retina barrier, free dye molecules accumulate within the vascular wall. Using a dye with prolonged retention, such as phthalocyanine (CASPc), it is possible to thrombose neovascularizations 24 h post injection while leaving the physiological vasculature of the anterior segment of the rabbit eye unaffected. (b) Proliferating endothelial cells express high numbers of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. Chlorin e6 (Ce6), a potent photosensitizer, is covalently bound to LDL. Intravascularly, ce6-LDL complexes selectively label neovascular walls. Since ce6-LDL is incorporated intracellular into enzymatically active lysosomes, photothrombosis is effectively achieved at low drug and light doses in vivo. In addition, the induced damage is spatially confined to the inner vascular lining. We conclude that carrier-mediated PDT may offer a new and sensitive approach for selective treatment of intraocular neovascularizations.},
   keywords = {Animals
Blood-Retinal Barrier/drug effects/physiology
Cell Division/drug effects/physiology
Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects/pathology
*Photochemotherapy
Rabbits
Retinal Neovascularization/*drug therapy/pathology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1304219},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. A. and Flotte, T. J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Response of the retinal pigment epithelium to selective photocoagulation},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {110},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1786-92},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
   abstract = {Multiple short argon laser pulses can coagulate the retinal pigment epithelium selectively, while sparing the adjacent neural retina and choroid; in contrast, continuous-wave laser irradiation typically damages the neural retina and choroid. The healing response to selective photocoagulation of the retinal pigment epithelium was studied in rabbits during a period of 4 weeks. The lesions were never visible ophthalmoscopically. During the healing period, the epithelium was reformed by a single sheet of hypertrophic retinal pigment epithelial cells. In contrast to continuous-wave photocoagulation, only minimal inflammatory response was found. Retinal pigment epithelial cells showed clear signs of viability, eg, phagocytized outer segments. The local edema in the photoreceptor layer and subretinal space found in the early stage disappeared when the blood-retinal barrier was reestablished. The choriocapillaris remained unaffected. No subsequent damage to the photoreceptors was found. This type of photocoagulation may be useful for retinal pigment epithelium-related diseases, eg, diffuse diabetic macular edema.},
   keywords = {Animals
Biopsy
Chinchilla
Fluorescein Angiography
Fundus Oculi
Laser Surgery
*Light Coagulation
Microscopy, Electron
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology/radiation effects/*surgery
Statistics
Time Factors
Wound Healing},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Ren1992,
   author = {Ren, Q. and Venugopalan, V. and Schomacker, K. and Deutsch, T. F. and Flotte, T. J. and Puliafito, C. A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Mid-infrared laser ablation of the cornea: a comparative study},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {12},
   number = {3},
   pages = {274-81},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The ablation thresholds and patterns of collateral damage in cornea produced by Er:YAG (2.94 microns) and Er:YSGG (2.79 microns) lasers were measured. Two different pulse durations, 200 microseconds (normal spiking mode) and 100 ns (Q-switched mode), were used at both wavelengths. In the normal spiking mode, damage zones of 16 +/- 2 microns and 39 +/- 7 microns and ablation thresholds of 250 +/- 20 mJ/cm2 and 420 +/- 35 mJ/cm2 were measured at 2.94 microns and 2.79 microns, respectively. In the Q-switched mode, damage zones of 4 +/- 2 microns and ablation thresholds of 150 +/- 10 mJ/cm2 were found irrespective of the laser used. The similarity between the results using the Er:YAG and Er:YSGG lasers in the Q-switched mode suggest that either laser can be used with equal effectiveness for corneal trephination.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cattle
Cornea/pathology/*surgery
*Light Coagulation/*methods},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1508021},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt1992,
   author = {Schmidt, U. and Bauman, W. and Schomacker, K. and Birngruber, R. and Gragoudas, E. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Photosensitizing Potency of Benzoporphyrin Derivative (Bpd) Associated with Human Low-Density-Lipoprotein (Ldl)},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1253-1253},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13502796},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1992,
   author = {Roider, J. and Troccoli, J. and Anderson, R. R. and Flotte, T. J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Microvasculature Occlusion by Repetitive Short Laser-Pulses},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {722-722},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13500151},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wetzel1992,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser Sclerostomy Abexterno Using the Erbium-Yag Laser and a New Application System},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1018-1018},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13501637},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weaver1992,
   author = {Weaver, Y. K. and Lin, C. P. and Schuman, S. and Woods, W. J. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Birngruber, R. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Experimental Iridotomy with a Picosecond Neodymium-Ag Laser},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1265-1265},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13502854},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lin1992,
   author = {Lin, C. P. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Effects of Single and Multiple Picosecond Laser-Pulses on Rpe Cells},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {721-721},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:1},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13500148},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1992,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Eckert, K. G. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Dye-Enhanced Diode-Laser Photocoagulation Using Continuous Injection of Indocyanine Green},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {721-721},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13500144},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1991,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Dlugos, C. and Nuffer, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Optical properties of human sclera, and their consequences for transscleral laser applications},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {11},
   number = {4},
   pages = {331-40},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The spectral dependence of the optical properties of human sclera adjacent to the limbus was investigated and related to the potentials of transscleral photocoagulation. The total transmission, absorption, and reflection, as well as the angular distribution of the transmitted and reflected light were measured at five laser wavelengths (442 nm, 514 nm, 633 nm, 804 nm, and 1,064 nm), both for noncontact and contact applications. Absorption and scattering coefficients were determined using the Kubelka-Munk model for light propagation through a scattering tissue. The scleral transmission is only 6% at 442 nm but increases to 35% at 804 nm and to 53% at 1,064 nm. The absorption is high at short wavelengths with 40% at 442 nm but it is only 6% at 804 nm and 1,064 nm. The reflection is generally higher than 40% and shows little wavelength dependence. The transmitted light is scattered diffusely at short wavelengths, but at 804 nm and 1,064 nm it exhibits a fairly narrow angular distribution in forward direction. Fiber contact leads to an increase of transmission, with a factor of 3.5 at 442 nm, of 2.0 at 804 nm, and 1.5 at 1,064 nm. Our results indicate that the diode laser (804 nm) and the Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm) with contact delivery are best suited for transscleral photocoagulation.},
   keywords = {Absorption
Humans
Lasers/*therapeutic use
Light
Optics
Scattering, Radiation
Sclera/*anatomy & histology/physiology},
   year = {1991}
}

@article{Macfarlane1991,
   author = {Macfarlane, R. and Teramura, A. and Owen, C. J. and Chase, S. and de la Torre, R. and Gregory, K. W. and Peterson, J. W. and Birngruber, R. and Parrish, J. A. and Zervas, N. T.},
   title = {Treatment of vasospasm with a 480-nm pulsed-dye laser},
   journal = {J Neurosurg},
   volume = {75},
   number = {4},
   pages = {613-22},
   note = {0022-3085 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {Laser energy at a wavelength of 480 nm was applied in 1-microseconds pulses of 3 to 10 mJ to two models of vasospasm. Rabbit common carotid arteries (CCA's) were constricted chronically by the application of human blood within a silicone sheath. Peak vasospasm developed 24 to 48 hours later, and persisted for up to 6 days. Endovascular laser treatment was delivered to 40 CCA's via a 200-microns diameter silica quartz fiber introduced through the femoral artery. The CCA caliber increased from 60% of the pre-vasospasm control diameter to a minimum post-laser diameter of 83% of control. No instances of laser-induced perforation or of arterial thrombosis were observed for up to 60 days after treatment. Prophylactic laser application to nine normal vessels was able to attenuate the development of vasospasm if blood was applied immediately thereafter (88% vs. 59% of control diameter, p less than 0.02), but not if blood was applied 7 days later. Studies in 16 normal CCA's established that there was a considerable margin between the laser energy required to induce dilatation and that which caused perforation, providing that the fiber remained relatively central within the artery. Morphological examination demonstrated focal loss of endothelial cells immediately after laser application, followed approximately 7 days later by the development of areas of intimal hyperplasia. Only minimal changes were observed in the medial or adventitial layers. In a second study, the basilar artery of seven dogs was constricted chronically by two intracisternal injections of autologous blood 3 days apart. Five dogs received endovascular laser treatment 7 or 10 days after the first injection, when basilar artery diameter was reduced to a mean of 61% and 77% of control, respectively. Immediately following treatment, basilar artery diameter increased to 104% and 102% of resting diameter, respectively. Both untreated and laser-treated arteries were smaller than the control diameter at 30 days (80% and 82%, respectively), but in each group the vasodilatory response to hypercapnia was preserved. These findings indicate that 1-microsecond laser pulses are well tolerated by systemic and cerebral arteries in two different animal models, and suggest that the 480-nm pulsed-dye laser may have an application for the treatment or prophylaxis of cerebral vasospasm.},
   keywords = {Animals
Basilar Artery/surgery
Carotid Arteries/surgery/ultrastructure
Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology/*surgery
Chronic Disease
Constriction, Pathologic/surgery
Dogs
Ischemic Attack, Transient/pathology/*surgery
*Laser Surgery
Light Coagulation
Rabbits
Spasm/pathology/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1885979},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt1991,
   author = {Schmidt, U. and Hasan, T. and Schomacker, K. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selective Vessel Occlusion by Photochemically-Induced Thrombogenesis},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1162-1162},
   note = {Fc762
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FC76202419},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1991,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selective Damage of the Rpe by Repetitive Laser-Pulses - Healing Studies in Rabbits},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {713-713},
   note = {Fc762
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FC76200240},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Teramura1991,
   author = {Teramura, A. and Macfarlane, R. and Owen, C. J. and de la Torre, R. and Gregory, K. W. and Birngruber, R. and Parrish, J. A. and Peterson, J. W. and Zervas, N. T.},
   title = {Application of the 1-microsecond pulsed-dye laser to the treatment of experimental cerebral vasospasm},
   journal = {J Neurosurg},
   volume = {75},
   number = {2},
   pages = {271-6},
   note = {0022-3085 (Print)
In Vitro
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {Laser energy of 480 nm was applied in 1-microsecond pulses varying between 2.2 and 10 mJ to in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral vasospasm. First, the pulsed-dye laser was applied intravascularly via a 320-microns fiber to basilar artery segments from six dogs. The segments were mounted in a vessel-perfusion apparatus and constricted to, on average, 70% of resting diameter by superfusion with dog hemolysate. Immediate increase in basilar artery diameter occurred to a mean of 83% of control. In a second model, the basilar artery was exposed transclivally in the rabbit. In three normal animals, superfusion of the artery with rabbit hemolysate resulted in a reduction of mean vessel diameter to 81% of control. Following extravascular application of the laser, vessels returned to an average of 106% of the resting state. In six rabbits, the basilar artery was constricted by two intracisternal injections of autologous blood. 3 days apart. Two to 4 days after the second injection, the basilar artery was exposed. Extravascular laser treatment from a quartz fiber placed perpendicular to the vessel adventitia resulted in an immediate 53% average increase in caliber to an estimated 107% of control. No reconstriction was observed over a period of up to 5 hours. Morphologically, damage to the arterial wall was slight. This preliminary investigation suggests that the 1-microsecond pulsed-dye laser may be of benefit in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm.},
   keywords = {Animals
Basilar Artery/surgery/ultrastructure
Dogs
Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
Female
Ischemic Attack, Transient/pathology/*surgery
*Laser Surgery
Male
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Rabbits
Vasodilation},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2072166},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Doukas1991,
   author = {Doukas, A.G. and Zweig, A.D. and Frisoli, J.K. and Birngruber, R. and Deutsch, T. F.},
   title = {Non-invasive determination of shock wave pressure generated by optical breakdown.},
   journal = {Appl Phys B},
   volume = {53},
   pages = {237-245},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weaver1991,
   author = {Weaver, Y. K. and Lin, C. P. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Birngruber, R. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Intraocular Photoablation by a High Repetition Rate Picosecond Nd-Yag Laser},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1224-1224},
   note = {Fc762
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FC76202720},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1991,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Microcoagulation of the fundus. Experimental results of repeated laser pulse exposure]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {88},
   number = {5},
   pages = {473-6},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Angiographically visible lesions were produced in the fundus of rabbit eyes with repetitive 5 microseconds pulses and continuous wave exposures with 50-ms to 1-s pulse duration from an modified argon laser (514 nm). The ophthalmoscopic and the fluorescein angiographic findings showed less damage in the neural retina and the choroid after repetitively pulsed irradiation. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the neural retina and the choroid can mostly be spared by using repetitive 5 microseconds pulses, even though the damage to the retinal pigment epithelium is similar to the damage caused by continuous wave irradiation. Possible clinical applications, e.g. for macular edema and central serous retinopathy, are discussed.},
   keywords = {Animals
Fluorescein Angiography
Light Coagulation/*adverse effects
Microscopy, Electron
Ophthalmoscopy
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/*injuries/pathology
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1757035},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hefetz1991,
   author = {Hefetz, Y. and Roider, J. and Puliafito, C. A. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Low Repetition Rate Picosecond Photodisruption in Ocular Structures},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {798-798},
   note = {Fc762
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FC76200642},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Ren1990,
   author = {Ren, Q. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Axicon: A New Laser Beam Delivery System for Corneal Surgery},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {26},
   number = {12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   pages = {2200-2206},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Prince1990,
   author = {Prince, M.R. and LaMuraglia, G.M. and C.E., Seidlitz and Prahl, S.A. and Athanasoulis, C.A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Ball-Tipped Fibers for Laser Angioplasty with the Pulsed-Dye Laser},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {26},
   number = {12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   pages = {2297-2304,},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Doukas1990,
   author = {Doukas, A.G. and Birngruber, R. and Deutsch, T. F.},
   title = {Determination of the Shock Wave Pressures Generated by Laser-Induced Breakdown in Water.},
   journal = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {1202},
   pages = {61-70},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1990,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Schweiger, P. and Frieser, A. and Asiyo, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Intraocular Nd:YAG Laser Surgery: Damage Mechanism, Damage Range and Reduction of Collateral Effects.},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {26},
   number = {12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   pages = {2240-2260},
   year = {1990}
}

@article{Latina,
   author = {Latina, M. A. and Dobrogowski, M. and March, W. F. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser sclerostomy by pulsed-dye laser and goniolens},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {108},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1745-50},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {We describe an ab-interno laser sclerostomy procedure using the method termed dye-enhanced ablation with a slit-lamp delivery system and special goniolens such that only the laser light beam penetrates the anterior chamber. The procedure uses a microsecond-pulsed-dye laser emitting at 666 nm and iontophoresis of methylene blue dye (absorption of 668 nm) into the sclera at the limbus to enhance the absorption of the laser light. We compared the number of pulses needed to perforate excised human sclera at pulse durations of 1.5, 20, and 300 microseconds. Pulse durations of 1.5 and 20 microseconds required 20 pulses or fewer to perforate excised human sclera with pulse energies of 75 to 100 mJ. The ab-interno laser sclerostomy procedure was performed in 54 eyes of Dutch-belted rabbits with pulse durations of 1.5 or 20 microseconds and a 100- or 200-microns incident spot diameter delivered using a CGF goniolens. Full-thickness fistulas were successfully created at both pulse durations in approximately 80% of eyes treated. A range of three to 25 pulses was required to perforate sclera with slightly fewer pulses and lower pulse energies at 1.5 microseconds compared with 20 microseconds. There were no significant complications from the procedure. This technique could permit filtration surgery to be performed on an outpatient basis.},
   keywords = {Animals
Humans
Iontophoresis
*Laser Surgery
Methylene Blue/administration & dosage
*Optics
Rabbits
Sclera/pathology/radiation effects
Sclerostomy/instrumentation/*methods},
   year = {1990}
}

@article{Chaudry1990,
   author = {Chaudhry, H. W. and Kochevar, I. E. and Schomacker, K. T. and Cooke, J. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gregory, K. W.},
   title = {Laser-Induced Vasorelaxation - an Action Spectrum from 337 Nm to 630 Nm},
   journal = {Circulation},
   volume = {82},
   number = {4},
   pages = {408-408},
   note = {Suppl. S
Ec764
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0009-7322},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1990EC76401635},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1990,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Schweiger, P. and Frieser, A. and Asiyo, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Mechanism of action, scope of the damage and reduction of side effects in intraocular Nd:YAG laser surgery},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {87},
   number = {6},
   pages = {675-87},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The damage mechanisms of intraocular Nd:YAG laser surgery and their respective damage ranges were investigated in vitro using bovine cornea specimens as a model tissue. The main damage mechanisms are plasma formation and expansion, emission of acoustic transients, and cavitation with jet formation. When a sequence of laser pulses is applied, the interaction of the acoustic transients with gas bubbles remaining from preceding laser exposures is also important. To distinguish the effects caused by the different physical mechanisms, laser pulses were aimed directly onto the corneal endothelium, and parallel to the cornea at various distances. Simultaneously, the cavitation bubble size was determined. The surface morphology and sections of the same lesions were studied by light and electron microscopy. The primary surgical mechanism is tissue evaporation by the laser plasma, whereas the collateral damage from single laser pulses is mainly caused by the cavitation and jet formation. The damage range after a 4-mJ laser pulse is 0.8 mm which is slightly larger than the corresponding cavitation bubble radius. The damage range of the acoustic transients produced by a 4-mJ laser pulse is several millimeters, when they can interact with small gas bubbles attached to the corneal endothelium. The damage range of the acoustic transients alone is smaller than that of cavitation as far as damage detected by light and scanning electron microscopy is concerned. However, on a subcellular level the acoustic transients may possibly cause damage up to a much larger distance. The damage range observed varies with the cube root of the laser pulse energy. A reduction of collateral effects therefore requires the use of small pulse energies. For energies of less than 1 mJ, the pulse duration has to be reduced to ensure plasma production. It is proposed to use low-energy picosecond pulses with moderate repetition rate instead of single nanosecond pulses to reduce collateral damage effects.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cattle
Endothelium, Corneal/*injuries/pathology
Laser Surgery/*adverse effects/instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2086418},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{LaMuraglia1990,
   author = {LaMuraglia, GM. and Prince, MR. and Nishioka, NS. and S., Obremski and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Optical Properties of Human Arterial Thrombus, Vascular Grafts, and Sutures: Implications for Selective Laser Thrombus Ablation.},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {26},
   number = {12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   pages = {2200-2206},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Balles1990,
   author = {Balles, M. W. and Puliafito, C. A. and Damico, D. J. and Jacobson, J. J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Semiconductor Diode-Laser Photocoagulation in Retinal Vascular-Disease},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {97},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1553-1561},
   note = {Eg630
Times Cited:32
Cited References Count:22},
   ISSN = {0161-6420},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1990EG63000032},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1990,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Schweiger, P. and Frieser, A. and Asiyo, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Wirkungsmechanismen, Schadensreichweite und Reduzierung von Nebenwirkungen bei der intraokularen Nd:YAG-Laserchirurgie},
   journal = {Fortschritte der Ophthalmologie},
   volume = {87},
   number = {6},
   pages = {675-687},
   keywords = {Oeil pathologie
Animal
Prévention
Physiopathologie
Complication
In vitro
Cornée
Oeil
Néodyme
Laser YAG
Laser
Chirurgie},
   year = {1990}
}