@article{Toth1997,
   author = {Toth, C. A. and Birngruber, R. and Boppart, S. A. and Hee, M. R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and DiCarlo, C. D. and Swanson, E. A. and Cain, C. P. and Narayan, D. G. and Noojin, G. D. and Roach, W. P.},
   title = {Argon laser retinal lesions evaluated in vivo by optical coherence tomography},
   journal = {Am J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {123},
   number = {2},
   pages = {188-98},
   note = {0002-9394 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To assess the in vivo evolution of argon laser retinal lesions by correlating the cross-sectional structure from sequential optical coherence tomography with histopathologic sectioning. METHODS: Argon laser lesions were created in the retinas of Macaca mulatta and evaluated by cross-section optical coherence tomography, which was compared at selected time points with corresponding histopathology. RESULTS: Argon laser lesions induced an optical coherence tomography pattern of early outer retinal relative high reflectivity with subsequent surrounding relative low reflectivity that correlated well with histopathologic findings. The in vivo optical coherence tomography images of macular laser lesions clearly demonstrated differences in pathologic response by retinal layer over time. CONCLUSION: The novel sequential imaging of rapidly evolving macular lesions with optical coherence tomography provides new insight into the patterns of acute tissue response by cross-sectional layer. This sequential imaging technique will aid in our understanding of the rapid evolution of retinal pathology and response to treatment in the research and clinical setting.},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
*Lasers
Macaca mulatta
*Optics
Retina/*pathology/*radiation effects
Time Factors
Tomography/*methods},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9186124},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Koop1997,
   author = {Koop, N. and Langholz, M. and Birngruber, R. and Geerling, G. and Bastian, G. O.},
   title = {Comparative evaluation of different corneal topographical devices},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {2},
   pages = {120-126},
   note = {Yp129
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:25},
   abstract = {Purpose: It is difficult to measure the topography of the cornea with high resolution and visualize it on a map displaying refraction. This is demonstrated by the ongoing improvement and further development of different methods and by the fact that users of these techniques are not always satisfied.
Materials and methods: Five different ring projectors were compared. Spherical and aspherical ball standards were used to measure the standard deviation of the refraction of the system. A patient group of eight people with healthy eyes was used to compare the measurement accuracy and operational errors. Some patients were also measured after cataract surgery. The lateral and axial range of the devices was determined.
Results: The measurement accuracy for bail stand ards for the five devices was below 1/8 D. For the in vivo case in the control group it was below 1/4 D for four devices. Furthermore, the reproducibility of the results, the accuracy of angle determination and the influence of mechanical and optical design will be discussed. The study demonstrates applications and limits of this measurement method.},
   keywords = {placido-disk
corneal topography
refractive power
videokeratoscope
accuracy
system
reproducibility},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470050092},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000071245600008},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Spiegel1997,
   author = {Spiegel, D. and Wetzel, W. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Comparison of the efficacy of Er-YAG laser sclerostomy ab externo versus trabeculectomy in the treatment of ''low risk'' glaucoma patients.},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {829-829},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18600827},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pan1997,
   author = {Pan, Y. T. and Birngruber, R. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {Contrast limits of coherence-gated imaging in scattering media},
   journal = {Applied Optics},
   volume = {36},
   number = {13},
   pages = {2979-2983},
   note = {Wx242
Times Cited:50
Cited References Count:8},
   abstract = {The fundamental difference between time-resolved and coherence-gated imaging modalities in scattering media is analyzed in terms of their optical transfer functions. The effectiveness of coherence gating for multiple-scattering rejection is shown by imaging a 100-mu m-thick razor blade hidden in the scattering phantoms (i.e., Intralipid suspensions) with different scattering coefficients. We found that the imaging contrast is limited by multiple scattering and speckle effects in high-scattering media, and the measured effective penetration depth of optical coherence tomography is approximately equal to six mean free paths under the experimental conditions of a numerical aperture of less than 0.1 and a scattering anisotropy of approximately 0.8. (C) 1997 Optical Society of America.},
   keywords = {coherence-gated imaging
time-resolved imaging
low-coherence interference
imaging contrast limits
multiple scattering effects
tissue optics
tomography},
   ISSN = {0003-6935},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1364/Ao.36.002979},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WX24200038},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1997,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Kampmeier, J. and Bruhns, A. and AsiyoVogel, M. and Engelhardt, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Corneal collagen denaturation in laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK)},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2514-2514},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18602506},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Asiyo-Vogel1997,
   author = {Asiyo-Vogel, M and Koop, N and Brinkmann, R and Engelhardt, R and Eggers, R and Birngruber, R and Vogel, A},
   title = {Darstellung von LTK-Läsionen durch optische Kurzkohärenztomographie (OCT) und Polarisationsmikroskopie nach Sirius-Rot-Färbung},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   pages = {487-491},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Geerling1997,
   author = {Geerling, G. and Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Wirbelauer, C. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Diode-laser thermokeratoplasty - First clinical experiences in human blind eyes},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2292-2292},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18602285},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Asiyo-Vogel1997,
   author = {Asiyo-Vogel, M. N. and Koop, N. and Brinkmann, R. and Engelhardt, R. and Eggers, R. and Birngruber, R. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Evaluation of LTK lesions by optical low coherence tomography (OCT) and polarization microscopy after Sirius-Red staining},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {7},
   pages = {487-491},
   note = {Yp140
Times Cited:5
Cited References Count:21},
   abstract = {Background: Information on the extent and degree of the thermal effect produced is of great importance for control of the laser dosage in laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) and for postoperative follow-up. We investigated on acute LTK effects which information images obtained by optical low coherence tomography (OCT) offer compared to those obtained by polarization microscopy.
Methods: Porcine eyes were irradiated through a 400 mu m quartz fiber using light from a laser diode emitting up to 300 mW at a wavelength of 1.86 mu m. Thermal lesions of varying strength were scanned using an experimental OCT device with about 25 mu m lateral and 20 mu m axial resolution. Histologic evaluation of the scanned areas was done by polarization microscopy after Sirius-Red staining, and similar lesions were also analyzed by TEM.
Results: Both methods differentiated three damage zones: a transition zone, a zone of moderate coagulation, and a central zone of strong coagulation. In the transition zone,increased birefringence was seen in polarization microscopy, which correlated with increased light scattering seen in the DCT images,ln the moderately coagulated zone, a decrease in birefringence was associated with an even stronger increase of the OCT signal, In the central zone,a loss of the fibrillar tissue structure was observed, which led to a complete loss of birefringence and a strong reduction of the OCT signal.
Conclusions: Although OCT does not provide the detailed information on thermal changes of tissue seen by the histologic method, it offers information on the extent and degree of tissue changes without preparation artifacts and provides a non-invasive method of immediate and follow-up control of LTK lesions, A quantitative analysis of changes in corneal thickness and curvature is much simpler than by a slit lamp. Time-resolved measurements of corneal light scattering may be used for on-line control of the laser-light dosage during LTK.},
   keywords = {refractive surgery
laser thermokeratoplasty
collagen denaturation
collagen shrinkage
optical low coherence tomography
polarization microscopy
sirius-red staining
tissue
collagen
eye},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470050144},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000071246700004},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1997,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Günther, T. and Asiyo-Vogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Factors determining the refractive effects of intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy with the picosecond laser},
   journal = {J Cataract Refract Surg},
   volume = {23},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1301-1310},
   abstract = {To determine the relationship between laser parameters and tissue removal with picosecond laser intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy (ISPRK) and to assess the effect of the parameters on the healing process and the long-term refractive changes.},
   keywords = {Animals
Corneal Stroma
Follow-Up Studies
Lasers, Excimer
Microscopy, Polarization
Photorefractive Keratectomy
Refraction, Ocular
Refractive Errors
Swine
Wound Healing
pathology
physiopathology
surgery
adverse effects
methods
physiology
etiology},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Noack,
   author = {Noack, J. and Tonnies, R. and Hohla, K. and Birngruber, R. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Influence of ablation plume dynamics on the formation of central islands in excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {104},
   number = {5},
   pages = {823-30},
   note = {0161-6420 (Print)
Comparative Study
In Vitro
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to understand the dynamics of ablation products during excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy, and their influence on the formation of central islands. METHOD: Laser flash photography was used to investigate the dynamics of ablation products during photorefractive keratectomy. The ablation plume over polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and porcine cornea targets ablated with different zone diameters was imaged at various times between 10 musec and 100 msec after the ablating laser pulse. On PMMA targets, the profiles of the resulting ablation craters were measured. RESULTS: In all cases, the ablation products formed a ring vortex. The plume velocities on cornea were found to be approximately twice as fast as on PMMA for all zone diameters. For both materials, the ablation plume evolves faster for smaller zone diameters. Central islands were observed for zone diameters between 1 and 7 mm on PMMA substrates. The islands became more pronounced with increasing zone diameter. CONCLUSIONS: A major cause for the formation of central islands was found to be particle redeposition at the center of the ablation zone. Because of the vortex dynamics, redeposition of particles favorably occurs at the center of the ablation zone. Additionally, the dynamics of the ablation plume lead to a concentration of airborne particles over the center of the ablation zone, which also may contribute to the creation of central islands by partial absorption of the next excimer laser pulse.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cornea/*pathology/*surgery
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
*Keratectomy, Photorefractive, Excimer Laser
Methylmethacrylates
Models, Anatomic
Swine
Time and Motion Studies
Volatilization},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Vogel1997,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Gunther, T. and Asiyo-Vogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Investigations on the origin of refractive effects in intrastromal refractive surgery with the picosecond laser},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {7},
   pages = {467-474},
   note = {Yp140
Times Cited:2
Cited References Count:21},
   abstract = {Background: Picosecond laser intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy (ISPRK) aims at achieving a flattening of the central cornea by plasma-mediated tissue evaporation without affecting the anterior or posterior corneal layers. We investigated the laser-induced tissue effects to establish a functional relationship between laser parameters and tissue removal and to assess their influence on the healing process and long-term refractive changes.
Materials and methods: A modified ISL 2001 System with a cone angle of 30 degrees was used for in vitro investigations of the laser effects in water and porcine cornea. Photographic methods were used to determine the plasma volume and the thickness of the laser-generated intrastromal bubble layer as a function of the pulse energy and the number and separation in which the pulses were applied (216 eyes). Histological evaluation was done by polarization microscopy (9 eyes).
Results: Polarization microscopy revealed only minor signs of thermal tissue damage. The maximum amount of tissue that can be evaporated without damaging the outer corneal layers corresponds to a layer about 10 mu m thick. With a 6-mm optical zone, this tissue removal yields an immediate refractive effect of only 0.85 dpt. Stronger long-term refractive changes observed in animal experiments and clinical studies must thus be due to the healing response of the cornea. The healing response may be induced by mechanical distortion due to intrastromal bubble formation affecting about one third of the corneal thickness.
Conclusion: Since the refractive effects are apparently strongly influenced by corneal healing, they are poorly predictable and can probably not be used for clinical purposes.},
   keywords = {refractive surgery
intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy
picosecond laser
photodisruption
cavitation
photorefractive keratectomy
intraocular photodisruption
corneal tissue
pulses},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470050141},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000071246700001},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Kampmeier1997,
   author = {Kampmeier, J. and Brinkmann, R. and Pfleiderer, M. and Schneider, E. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK): A finite element model of the cornea},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2515-2515},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18602507},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1997,
   author = {SchmidtErfurth, U. and Wetzel, W. and Droge, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Mitomycin-C in laser sclerostomy: Benefit and complications},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers},
   volume = {28},
   number = {1},
   pages = {14-20},
   note = {Wf713
Times Cited:6
Cited References Count:27},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The authors studied the effect of topical mitomycin-C administration on the maintenance of filter function and intraocular pressure (IOP) following laser sclerostomy.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients with a presumed high risk of episcleral scarring were treated intraoperatively with topical mitomycin-C (0.5 mg/ml) for 3 to 5 minutes. Their IOPs were monitored for at least 2 years. The IOP data of these patients were compared with the results for 46 patients who underwent the identical procedure without antimetabolite.
RESULTS: IOPs below 23 mm Hg were achieved in 70% of the mitomycin-C-treated patients. Compared with the non-mitomycin-C group, the rate and duration of early postoperative hypotony was significantly increased in the mitomycin-C-treated group.
CONCLUSION: Mitomycin-C is useful for maintaining successful filter function in patients with unfavorable prognoses. However, severe and persistent hypotony may occur.},
   keywords = {topical antiglaucoma medication
open-angle glaucoma
filtration surgery
thermal sclerostomy
trabeculectomy
abexterno
rabbits},
   ISSN = {0022-023X},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WF71300003},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Koop1997,
   author = {Koop, N. and Brinkmann, R. and Lankenau, E. and Flache, S. and Engelhardt, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Optical coherence tomography of cornea and anterior segment of the eye},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {7},
   pages = {481-486},
   note = {Yp140
Times Cited:34
Cited References Count:19},
   abstract = {Target: The method of optical coherence tomography (OCT) was investigated regarding its suitability and limits for measuring the cornea and the anterior segment of the eye. Furthermore, the stromal expansion of thermally induced lesions in the cornea directly after irradiation was determined within the scope of the laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK).
Material and methods: With the experimental scanning OCT system, x-z sections of the anterior eye segment were made with an optical resolution of about 20 mu m axially and 25 mu m laterally. Freshly enucleated, tonicized porcine eyes were used as model eyes. Thermal lesions were applied with a continuously emitting laser diode (lambda=1.86 mu m) and various radiation parameters, Before and after coagulation, the cornea was viewed from limbus to limbus in a central OCT scan and the individual coagulation source was measured,
Results: Global and local changes of the thickness of the cornea as well as the distance between cornea and lens were measured with high precision. Thermal lesions in their expansion can be clearly presented and matching well with the histologically stained sections, bur are not as exactly defined at the edges due to the limited optical resolution, as known from histological preparations.
Conclusion: With the OCT method quantitative measuring of the anterior eye segment can be performed in vitro and with reduced resolutions also in vivo. Due to the qualitatively good correspondence regarding the dimensions of thermal damage of the cornea with histologically obtained morphometric results,this method can be used for supervision of coagulation directly after LTK as well as for examination of the individual healing process.},
   keywords = {optical coherence tomography
pachometry
laser thermokeratoplasty
thermal damage
tissue},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470050143},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000071246700003},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Welzel1997,
   author = {Welzel, J. and Lankenau, E. and Birngruber, R. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {Optical coherence tomography of the human skin},
   journal = {J Am Acad Dermatol},
   volume = {37},
   number = {6},
   pages = {958-63},
   note = {0190-9622 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new diagnostic method for tissue characterization. OBJECTIVE: We investigated normal and pathologic structures in human skin in several locations to evaluate the potential application of this technique to dermatology. METHODS: Based on the principle of low-coherence interferometry, cross-sectional images of the human skin can be obtained in vivo with a high spatial resolution of about 15 microns. Within a penetration depth of 0.5 to 1.5 mm, structures of the stratum corneum, the living epidermis, and the papillary dermis can be distinguished. RESULTS: Different layers could be detected that were differentiated by induction of experimental blisters and by comparison with corresponding histologic sections. Furthermore, OCT images of several skin diseases and tumors were obtained. CONCLUSION: OCT is a promising new imaging method for visualization of morphologic changes of superficial layers of the human skin. It may be useful for noninvasive diagnosis of bullous skin diseases, skin tumors, and in vivo investigation of pharmacologic effects.},
   keywords = {Adult
Anatomy, Cross-Sectional
Basement Membrane/pathology
Blister/diagnosis/pathology
Epidermis/anatomy & histology
Evaluation Studies
Female
Forearm/anatomy & histology
Hand/anatomy & histology
Humans
Hutchinson's Melanotic Freckle/diagnosis/pathology
Image Enhancement
Interferometry
Male
Melanoma/diagnosis/pathology
Nails/anatomy & histology
Optics
Skin/*anatomy & histology
Skin Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology
Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous/diagnosis/pathology
Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis/pathology
Tomography/*methods},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9418764},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Koop1997,
   author = {Koop, Norbert and Brinkmann, Ralf and Lankenau, Eva and Flache, Stefan and Engelhardt, Ralf and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Optische Kohärenztomographie der Kornea und des vorderen Augenabschnitts},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {7},
   pages = {481-486},
   ISSN = {1433-0423},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003470050143},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1997,
   author = {SchmidtErfurth, U. and Diddens, H. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Photodynamic targeting of human retinoblastoma cells using covalent low-density lipoprotein conjugates},
   journal = {British Journal of Cancer},
   volume = {75},
   number = {1},
   pages = {54-61},
   note = {Wa344
Times Cited:69
Cited References Count:64},
   abstract = {Combination of photosensitizers with carrier molecules has been shown to enhance the efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Owing to an increased expression of their receptors on some malignant and proliferating cells, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are potential endogenous carriers. A photosensitizer, chlorin e(6) (Ce-6), was covalently bound to LDL via carbodiimide activation. The Ce-6-LDL conjugate was evaluated on a fibroblast cell line with defined LDL receptor expression and a retinoblastoma cell line (Y79). Uptake of free Ce-6 and Ce-6 either covalently bound to or complexed with LDL was measured by spectrofluorimetry. Phototoxicity after irradiation at 660 nm was determined by a mitochondrial activity assay (MTT). Covalent binding to LDL significantly increased the uptake of Ce, for both cell lines by a factor of 4-5. A Ce-6:LDL binding ratio of 50:1 was optimal. A receptor-mediated uptake was demonstrated by saturability and competitive inhibition by free LDL. Binding also occurred at 2 degrees C and was attributed to non-specific associations. Irradiation with 10 J cm(-2) of 660 nm light after treatment of cells with Ce-6-LDL conjugate reduced the MTT activity by 80%, while free or mixed Ce-6 induced a maximum of 10% reduction in the MTT activity following identical treatment conditions. These data suggest that targeting of LDL receptor-bearing cells using covalently bound carriers, such as LDL, might increase the efficiency and selectivity of PDT. Intraocular tumours such as retinoblastomas could be appropriate targets for such an approach owing to the ease of access of light sources and the need for non-invasive approaches in sensitive ocular sites.},
   keywords = {photochemistry
ocular
neovascularization
chlorin
bladder-carcinoma cells
receptor-mediated uptake
plasma-lipoproteins
endothelial-cells
human fibroblasts
cellular-uptake
therapy
tumor
benzoporphyrin
cancer},
   ISSN = {0007-0920},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1038/Bjc.1997.9},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WA34400009},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1997,
   author = {SchmidtErfurth, U. and Miller, J. W. and Sickenberg, M. and Bressler, N. M. and Laqua, H. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Zografos, L. and Hager, A. and Piguet, B. and Birngruber, R. and vandenBergh, H. and Strong, H. A. and Fsadni, M.},
   title = {Photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularisation in a phase I/II study: Preliminary results of multiple treatments},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {74-74},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:8
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18600074},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Sickenberg1997,
   author = {Sickenberg, M. and SchimdtErfurth, U. and Miller, J. W. and Donati, G. and Bressler, N. M. and Zografos, L. and Piguet, B. and Laqua, H. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Lane, A. M. and Pournaras, C. and Birngruber, R. and vandenBergh, H. and Strong, H. A. and Manjuris, U. and Fsadni, M.},
   title = {Preliminary results of photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularization in pathologic myopia, ocular histoplasmosis syndrome and idiopathic causes within a phase I/II study},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {450-450},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18600448},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gragoudas1997,
   author = {Gragoudas, E. S. and SchmidtErfurth, U. and Sickenberg, M. and Pournaras, C. J. and Bressler, N. M. and Strong, A. and Hoehne, U. and Fsadni, M. and Lane, A. M. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R. and Donati, G. and Zografos, L. and vandenBergh, H. and Piguet, B. and Miller, J. W.},
   title = {Results and preliminary dosimetry of photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration in a phase I/II study.},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {73-73},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:5
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18600073},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1997,
   author = {Roider, J. and Brinkmann, R. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Therapeutical bandwidth or selective RPE-photocoagulation treatment by repetitive mu s-laser pulses (527 nm) - First clinical results},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {404-404},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18600402},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1997,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Günther, Thomas and Birngruber, Reginald and Asyo-Vogel, M},
   title = {Untersuchungen zur Entstehung von Refraktionseffekten bei der intrastromalen refraktiven Hornhautchirurgie mit dem Pikosekundenlaser},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {7},
   pages = {467-474},
   keywords = {Schlüsselwörter Refraktive Hornhautchirurgie
Intrastromale photorefraktive Keratektomie
Pikosekundenlaser
Photodisruption
Kavitation
Key words Refractive surgery
Intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy
Picosecond laser
Cavitation},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {10.1007/s003470050141},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003470050141},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Koop1997,
   author = {Koop, Norbert and Langholz, Michael and Birngruber, Reginald and Geerling, Gerd and Bastian, Gerd-Otto},
   title = {Vergleichende Untersuchungen verschiedener kornealer Topographiemeßgeräte},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {2},
   pages = {120-126},
   ISSN = {1433-0423},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003470050092},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996-1,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Hansen, C. and Mohrenstecher, D. and Scheu, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Analysis of cavitation dynamics during pulsed laser tissue ablation by optical on-line monitoring},
   journal = {Ieee Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
   volume = {2(4)},
   
   pages = {826-835},
   note = {Xd616
Times Cited:20
Cited References Count:24},
   abstract = {Flashlamp pumped mid-IR laser systems emitting in the 23-mu m wavelength range are widely used for various medical applications, especially for tissue ablation, Explosive evaporation is inevitably associated with this process due to the short pulse durations of these laser systems and the high absorption of tissue and water in this spectral regime, Tissue displacement and dissection occur in liquid environment as a consequence of the induced cavitation, Depending on the application these processes might enhance the tissue ablation but can also cause adverse tissue effects, The ablation dynamics were investigated by evaluating the change in rejected probe-light intensity reemitted from the application fiber tip. The ablated cavity and the signal was correlated to fast-flash photographs of the event. Based on this reflection signal a water/tissue discrimination system is introduced which can widely support medical laser applications. In laser sclerostomy ab externo, for example, this approach can be used as a feedback system to automatically control the ablation process. With such a system, adverse effects to adjacent tissue in the anterior chamber of the eye can be minimized.},
   ISSN = {1077-260X},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1109/2944.577305},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996XD61600006},
   year = { 1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1996,
   author = {SchmidtErfurth, U. and Flotte, T. J. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Schomacker, K. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Benzoporphyrin-lipoprotein-mediated photodestruction of intraocular tumors},
   journal = {Experimental Eye Research},
   volume = {62},
   number = {1},
   pages = {1-10},
   note = {Tt612
Times Cited:22
Cited References Count:43},
   abstract = {Benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD), a sensitizer currently in clinical trials, was evaluated for the treatment of experimental Greene melanoma implanted in the rabbit iris. To improve tumor targeting, BPD was complexed with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) representing an endogenous carrier system for BPD as previously described. Twelve tumors were irradiated at a sensitizer dose of 2 mg kg(-1) body weight using a dye laser at 692 nm. Tumor responses were documented by photography, angiography and light and electron microscopy. All tumors treated with 80 J cm(-2) regressed irreversibly. The principal mechanism of tumor necrosis was thrombosis following disruption of endothelial membranes. Ultrastructure data suggested tumor cell damage, although evidence for this being the result of direct PDT-mediated tumor cell death was less clear. These data suggest that BPD-LDL may be used to improve the selectivity of photodynamic tumor therapy possibly by the increased uptake of lipoprotein-delivered sensitizer to neovascular endothelial cells. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited},
   keywords = {photodynamic therapy
benzoporphyrin derivative
low-density lipoprotein
intraocular tumors, in vivo
photodynamic therapy
plasma-lipoproteins
malignant-melanoma
cholesterol-metabolism
endothelial-cells
hematoporphyrin
photosensitization
photoimmunotherapy
biodistribution
invitro},
   ISSN = {0014-4835},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1006/exer.1996.0001},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TT61200001},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Brinkmann1996-7,
   author = {Brinkmann, Ralf and Kampmeier, Juergen and Grotehusmann, Ulf and Vogel, Alfred and Koop, Norbert and Asiyo-Vogel, Mary and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Corneal collagen denaturation in laser thermokeratoplasty},
   volume = {2681},
   pages = {56-63},
   note = {10.1117/12.239611},
   abstract = {In laserthermokeratoplasty (LTK) thermal denaturation and shrinkage of corneal collagen is used to correct hyperopia and astigmatism. In order to optimize dosimetry, the temperature at which maximal shrinkage of collagen fibrils occurs is of major interest. Since the exposure time in clinical LTK-treatment is limited to a few seconds, the kinetics of collagen denaturation as a rate process has to be considered, thus the time of exposure is of critical importance for threshold and shrinkage temperatures. We investigated the time-temperature correlation for corneal collagen denaturation within different time domains by turbidimetry of scattered HeNe laser probe light using a temperature controlled water bath and pulsed IR laser irradiation. In the temperature range of 60 degree(s)C to 95 degree(s)C we found an exponential relation between the denaturation time and temperature. For the typical LTK-treatment time of 2 s, a temperature of 95 degree(s)C is needed to induce thermal damage. Use of pulsed Holmium laser radiation gave significant scattering of HeNe laser probe light at calculated temperatures of around 100 degree(s)DC. Rate parameters according to the formalism of Arrhenius were fitted to these results. Force measurements showed the simultaneous onset of light scattering and collagen shrinkage.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.239611},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
Year ={  1996}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996-2,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and AsiyoVogel, M. N. and Kaftan, B. and Birngruber, R. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {CW-IR laser thermokeratoplasty: Refractive changes and analysis by optical coherence tomography and light microscopy},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37(3)},
   
   pages = {305-305},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39700305},
   year = { 1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Zwaan,
   author = {Zwaan, M. and Behnle, U. and Engelhardt, R. and Vogel, A. and Kloess, W. and Birngruber, R. and Weiss, H. D.},
   title = {In-vitro-Untersuchungen zur gepulsten Laserangioplastie in flüssigem und gasförmigem Medium.},
   journal = {Fortschr Röntgenstr},
   volume = {164},
   number = {1},
   pages = {68-71},
   year = {1996}
}

@article{Wetzel1996,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and SchmidtErfurth, U. and Spiegel, D. and Jacobi, P. and Buhl, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser sclerostomy ab externo using a new Er:YAG laser device. A clinical multicenter study - Laser sclerostomy study group},
   journal = {Vision Research},
   volume = {36},
   pages = {2414-2414},
   note = {Suppl. S
Vr898
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0042-6989},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996VR89800185},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Geerling1996,
   author = {Geerling, G. and Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Klingemann, I. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser thermokeratoplasty - Experimental study in minipigs with a cw-IR laser diode},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37},
   number = {3},
   pages = {304-304},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39700304},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}