@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1997,
   author = {SchmidtErfurth, U. and Diddens, H. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Photodynamic targeting of human retinoblastoma cells using covalent low-density lipoprotein conjugates},
   journal = {British Journal of Cancer},
   volume = {75},
   number = {1},
   pages = {54-61},
   note = {Wa344
Times Cited:69
Cited References Count:64},
   abstract = {Combination of photosensitizers with carrier molecules has been shown to enhance the efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Owing to an increased expression of their receptors on some malignant and proliferating cells, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are potential endogenous carriers. A photosensitizer, chlorin e(6) (Ce-6), was covalently bound to LDL via carbodiimide activation. The Ce-6-LDL conjugate was evaluated on a fibroblast cell line with defined LDL receptor expression and a retinoblastoma cell line (Y79). Uptake of free Ce-6 and Ce-6 either covalently bound to or complexed with LDL was measured by spectrofluorimetry. Phototoxicity after irradiation at 660 nm was determined by a mitochondrial activity assay (MTT). Covalent binding to LDL significantly increased the uptake of Ce, for both cell lines by a factor of 4-5. A Ce-6:LDL binding ratio of 50:1 was optimal. A receptor-mediated uptake was demonstrated by saturability and competitive inhibition by free LDL. Binding also occurred at 2 degrees C and was attributed to non-specific associations. Irradiation with 10 J cm(-2) of 660 nm light after treatment of cells with Ce-6-LDL conjugate reduced the MTT activity by 80%, while free or mixed Ce-6 induced a maximum of 10% reduction in the MTT activity following identical treatment conditions. These data suggest that targeting of LDL receptor-bearing cells using covalently bound carriers, such as LDL, might increase the efficiency and selectivity of PDT. Intraocular tumours such as retinoblastomas could be appropriate targets for such an approach owing to the ease of access of light sources and the need for non-invasive approaches in sensitive ocular sites.},
   keywords = {photochemistry
ocular
neovascularization
chlorin
bladder-carcinoma cells
receptor-mediated uptake
plasma-lipoproteins
endothelial-cells
human fibroblasts
cellular-uptake
therapy
tumor
benzoporphyrin
cancer},
   ISSN = {0007-0920},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1038/Bjc.1997.9},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WA34400009},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1997,
   author = {Roider, J. and Brinkmann, R. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Therapeutical bandwidth or selective RPE-photocoagulation treatment by repetitive mu s-laser pulses (527 nm) - First clinical results},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {404-404},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18600402},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Sickenberg1997,
   author = {Sickenberg, M. and SchimdtErfurth, U. and Miller, J. W. and Donati, G. and Bressler, N. M. and Zografos, L. and Piguet, B. and Laqua, H. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Lane, A. M. and Pournaras, C. and Birngruber, R. and vandenBergh, H. and Strong, H. A. and Manjuris, U. and Fsadni, M.},
   title = {Preliminary results of photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularization in pathologic myopia, ocular histoplasmosis syndrome and idiopathic causes within a phase I/II study},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {450-450},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18600448},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gragoudas1997,
   author = {Gragoudas, E. S. and SchmidtErfurth, U. and Sickenberg, M. and Pournaras, C. J. and Bressler, N. M. and Strong, A. and Hoehne, U. and Fsadni, M. and Lane, A. M. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R. and Donati, G. and Zografos, L. and vandenBergh, H. and Piguet, B. and Miller, J. W.},
   title = {Results and preliminary dosimetry of photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration in a phase I/II study.},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {73-73},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:5
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18600073},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1997,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Gunther, T. and Asiyo-Vogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Investigations on the origin of refractive effects in intrastromal refractive surgery with the picosecond laser},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {7},
   pages = {467-474},
   note = {Yp140
Times Cited:2
Cited References Count:21},
   abstract = {Background: Picosecond laser intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy (ISPRK) aims at achieving a flattening of the central cornea by plasma-mediated tissue evaporation without affecting the anterior or posterior corneal layers. We investigated the laser-induced tissue effects to establish a functional relationship between laser parameters and tissue removal and to assess their influence on the healing process and long-term refractive changes.
Materials and methods: A modified ISL 2001 System with a cone angle of 30 degrees was used for in vitro investigations of the laser effects in water and porcine cornea. Photographic methods were used to determine the plasma volume and the thickness of the laser-generated intrastromal bubble layer as a function of the pulse energy and the number and separation in which the pulses were applied (216 eyes). Histological evaluation was done by polarization microscopy (9 eyes).
Results: Polarization microscopy revealed only minor signs of thermal tissue damage. The maximum amount of tissue that can be evaporated without damaging the outer corneal layers corresponds to a layer about 10 mu m thick. With a 6-mm optical zone, this tissue removal yields an immediate refractive effect of only 0.85 dpt. Stronger long-term refractive changes observed in animal experiments and clinical studies must thus be due to the healing response of the cornea. The healing response may be induced by mechanical distortion due to intrastromal bubble formation affecting about one third of the corneal thickness.
Conclusion: Since the refractive effects are apparently strongly influenced by corneal healing, they are poorly predictable and can probably not be used for clinical purposes.},
   keywords = {refractive surgery
intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy
picosecond laser
photodisruption
cavitation
photorefractive keratectomy
intraocular photodisruption
corneal tissue
pulses},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470050141},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000071246700001},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1997,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Günther, Thomas and Birngruber, Reginald and Asyo-Vogel, M},
   title = {Untersuchungen zur Entstehung von Refraktionseffekten bei der intrastromalen refraktiven Hornhautchirurgie mit dem Pikosekundenlaser},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {7},
   pages = {467-474},
   keywords = {Schlüsselwörter Refraktive Hornhautchirurgie
Intrastromale photorefraktive Keratektomie
Pikosekundenlaser
Photodisruption
Kavitation
Key words Refractive surgery
Intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy
Picosecond laser
Cavitation},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {10.1007/s003470050141},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003470050141},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Koop1997,
   author = {Koop, Norbert and Langholz, Michael and Birngruber, Reginald and Geerling, Gerd and Bastian, Gerd-Otto},
   title = {Vergleichende Untersuchungen verschiedener kornealer Topographiemeßgeräte},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {2},
   pages = {120-126},
   ISSN = {1433-0423},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003470050092},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Kampmeier1997,
   author = {Kampmeier, J. and Brinkmann, R. and Pfleiderer, M. and Schneider, E. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK): A finite element model of the cornea},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2515-2515},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18602507},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1997,
   author = {SchmidtErfurth, U. and Wetzel, W. and Droge, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Mitomycin-C in laser sclerostomy: Benefit and complications},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers},
   volume = {28},
   number = {1},
   pages = {14-20},
   note = {Wf713
Times Cited:6
Cited References Count:27},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The authors studied the effect of topical mitomycin-C administration on the maintenance of filter function and intraocular pressure (IOP) following laser sclerostomy.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients with a presumed high risk of episcleral scarring were treated intraoperatively with topical mitomycin-C (0.5 mg/ml) for 3 to 5 minutes. Their IOPs were monitored for at least 2 years. The IOP data of these patients were compared with the results for 46 patients who underwent the identical procedure without antimetabolite.
RESULTS: IOPs below 23 mm Hg were achieved in 70% of the mitomycin-C-treated patients. Compared with the non-mitomycin-C group, the rate and duration of early postoperative hypotony was significantly increased in the mitomycin-C-treated group.
CONCLUSION: Mitomycin-C is useful for maintaining successful filter function in patients with unfavorable prognoses. However, severe and persistent hypotony may occur.},
   keywords = {topical antiglaucoma medication
open-angle glaucoma
filtration surgery
thermal sclerostomy
trabeculectomy
abexterno
rabbits},
   ISSN = {0022-023X},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WF71300003},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Noack,
   author = {Noack, J. and Tonnies, R. and Hohla, K. and Birngruber, R. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Influence of ablation plume dynamics on the formation of central islands in excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {104},
   number = {5},
   pages = {823-30},
   note = {0161-6420 (Print)
Comparative Study
In Vitro
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to understand the dynamics of ablation products during excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy, and their influence on the formation of central islands. METHOD: Laser flash photography was used to investigate the dynamics of ablation products during photorefractive keratectomy. The ablation plume over polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and porcine cornea targets ablated with different zone diameters was imaged at various times between 10 musec and 100 msec after the ablating laser pulse. On PMMA targets, the profiles of the resulting ablation craters were measured. RESULTS: In all cases, the ablation products formed a ring vortex. The plume velocities on cornea were found to be approximately twice as fast as on PMMA for all zone diameters. For both materials, the ablation plume evolves faster for smaller zone diameters. Central islands were observed for zone diameters between 1 and 7 mm on PMMA substrates. The islands became more pronounced with increasing zone diameter. CONCLUSIONS: A major cause for the formation of central islands was found to be particle redeposition at the center of the ablation zone. Because of the vortex dynamics, redeposition of particles favorably occurs at the center of the ablation zone. Additionally, the dynamics of the ablation plume lead to a concentration of airborne particles over the center of the ablation zone, which also may contribute to the creation of central islands by partial absorption of the next excimer laser pulse.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cornea/*pathology/*surgery
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
*Keratectomy, Photorefractive, Excimer Laser
Methylmethacrylates
Models, Anatomic
Swine
Time and Motion Studies
Volatilization},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Spiegel1997,
   author = {Spiegel, D. and Wetzel, W. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Comparison of the efficacy of Er-YAG laser sclerostomy ab externo versus trabeculectomy in the treatment of ''low risk'' glaucoma patients.},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {829-829},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18600827},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Toth,
   author = {Toth, C. A. and Narayan, D. G. and Boppart, S. A. and Hee, M. R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Birngruber, R. and Cain, C. P. and DiCarlo, C. D. and Roach, W. P.},
   title = {A comparison of retinal morphology viewed by optical coherence tomography and by light microscopy},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {115},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1425-8},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare the cross-sectional images of primate retinal morphology obtained by optical coherence tomography (OCT) with light microscopy to determine the retinal components represented in OCT images. METHODS: Laser pulses were delivered to the retina to create small marker lesions in a Macaca mulatta. These lesions were used to align in vivo OCT scans and ex vivum histologic cross sections for image comparison. RESULTS: The OCT images demonstrated reproducible patterns of retinal morphology that corresponded to the location of retinal layers seen on light microscopic overlays. Layers of relative high reflectivity corresponded to horizontally aligned retinal components such as the nerve fiber layer and plexiform layers, as well as to the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. In contrast, the nuclear layers and the photoreceptor inner and outer segments demonstrated relative low reflectivity by OCT. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal morphology and macular OCT imaging correlate well, with alignment of areas of high and low reflectivity to specific retinal and choroidal elements. Resolution of retinal structures by OCT depends on the contrast in relative reflectivity of adjacent structures. Use of this tool will enable expanded study of retinal morphology, both normal and pathologic, as it evolves in vivo.},
   keywords = {Animals
Macaca mulatta
Microscopy/*methods
Retina/*cytology
Tomography/*methods},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Brinkmann1997,
   author = {Brinkmann, R and Dröge, G and Schroer, F and Scheu, M and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Ablation Dynamics in Laser Sclerostomy Ab Externo by means of Pulsed Lasers in the Mid-Infrared Spectral Range},
   journal = {Ophth Surg Las},
   volume = {28},
   number = {10},
   pages = {853-865},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1997,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Günther, T. and Asiyo-Vogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Factors determining the refractive effects of intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy with the picosecond laser},
   journal = {J Cataract Refract Surg},
   volume = {23},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1301-1310},
   abstract = {To determine the relationship between laser parameters and tissue removal with picosecond laser intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy (ISPRK) and to assess the effect of the parameters on the healing process and the long-term refractive changes.},
   keywords = {Animals
Corneal Stroma
Follow-Up Studies
Lasers, Excimer
Microscopy, Polarization
Photorefractive Keratectomy
Refraction, Ocular
Refractive Errors
Swine
Wound Healing
pathology
physiopathology
surgery
adverse effects
methods
physiology
etiology},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Toth1997,
   author = {Toth, C. A. and Birngruber, R. and Boppart, S. A. and Hee, M. R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and DiCarlo, C. D. and Swanson, E. A. and Cain, C. P. and Narayan, D. G. and Noojin, G. D. and Roach, W. P.},
   title = {Argon laser retinal lesions evaluated in vivo by optical coherence tomography},
   journal = {Am J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {123},
   number = {2},
   pages = {188-98},
   note = {0002-9394 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To assess the in vivo evolution of argon laser retinal lesions by correlating the cross-sectional structure from sequential optical coherence tomography with histopathologic sectioning. METHODS: Argon laser lesions were created in the retinas of Macaca mulatta and evaluated by cross-section optical coherence tomography, which was compared at selected time points with corresponding histopathology. RESULTS: Argon laser lesions induced an optical coherence tomography pattern of early outer retinal relative high reflectivity with subsequent surrounding relative low reflectivity that correlated well with histopathologic findings. The in vivo optical coherence tomography images of macular laser lesions clearly demonstrated differences in pathologic response by retinal layer over time. CONCLUSION: The novel sequential imaging of rapidly evolving macular lesions with optical coherence tomography provides new insight into the patterns of acute tissue response by cross-sectional layer. This sequential imaging technique will aid in our understanding of the rapid evolution of retinal pathology and response to treatment in the research and clinical setting.},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
*Lasers
Macaca mulatta
*Optics
Retina/*pathology/*radiation effects
Time Factors
Tomography/*methods},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9186124},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Koop1997,
   author = {Koop, N. and Langholz, M. and Birngruber, R. and Geerling, G. and Bastian, G. O.},
   title = {Comparative evaluation of different corneal topographical devices},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {2},
   pages = {120-126},
   note = {Yp129
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:25},
   abstract = {Purpose: It is difficult to measure the topography of the cornea with high resolution and visualize it on a map displaying refraction. This is demonstrated by the ongoing improvement and further development of different methods and by the fact that users of these techniques are not always satisfied.
Materials and methods: Five different ring projectors were compared. Spherical and aspherical ball standards were used to measure the standard deviation of the refraction of the system. A patient group of eight people with healthy eyes was used to compare the measurement accuracy and operational errors. Some patients were also measured after cataract surgery. The lateral and axial range of the devices was determined.
Results: The measurement accuracy for bail stand ards for the five devices was below 1/8 D. For the in vivo case in the control group it was below 1/4 D for four devices. Furthermore, the reproducibility of the results, the accuracy of angle determination and the influence of mechanical and optical design will be discussed. The study demonstrates applications and limits of this measurement method.},
   keywords = {placido-disk
corneal topography
refractive power
videokeratoscope
accuracy
system
reproducibility},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470050092},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000071245600008},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wirbelauer1997,
   author = {Wirbelauer, C. and Geerling, G. and Koop, N. and Brinkmann, R. and Tungler, A. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Acute endothelial cell changes after laser thermal keratoplasty with a CW-IR laser diode},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2516-2516},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18602508},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pan1997,
   author = {Pan, Y. T. and Birngruber, R. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {Contrast limits of coherence-gated imaging in scattering media},
   journal = {Applied Optics},
   volume = {36},
   number = {13},
   pages = {2979-2983},
   note = {Wx242
Times Cited:50
Cited References Count:8},
   abstract = {The fundamental difference between time-resolved and coherence-gated imaging modalities in scattering media is analyzed in terms of their optical transfer functions. The effectiveness of coherence gating for multiple-scattering rejection is shown by imaging a 100-mu m-thick razor blade hidden in the scattering phantoms (i.e., Intralipid suspensions) with different scattering coefficients. We found that the imaging contrast is limited by multiple scattering and speckle effects in high-scattering media, and the measured effective penetration depth of optical coherence tomography is approximately equal to six mean free paths under the experimental conditions of a numerical aperture of less than 0.1 and a scattering anisotropy of approximately 0.8. (C) 1997 Optical Society of America.},
   keywords = {coherence-gated imaging
time-resolved imaging
low-coherence interference
imaging contrast limits
multiple scattering effects
tissue optics
tomography},
   ISSN = {0003-6935},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1364/Ao.36.002979},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WX24200038},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1997,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Kampmeier, J. and Bruhns, A. and AsiyoVogel, M. and Engelhardt, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Corneal collagen denaturation in laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK)},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2514-2514},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18602506},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Asiyo-Vogel1997,
   author = {Asiyo-Vogel, M and Koop, N and Brinkmann, R and Engelhardt, R and Eggers, R and Birngruber, R and Vogel, A},
   title = {Darstellung von LTK-Läsionen durch optische Kurzkohärenztomographie (OCT) und Polarisationsmikroskopie nach Sirius-Rot-Färbung},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   pages = {487-491},
   year = {1997}
}

@article{Geerling1997,
   author = {Geerling, G. and Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Wirbelauer, C. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Diode-laser thermokeratoplasty - First clinical experiences in human blind eyes},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {38},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2292-2292},
   note = {1
Wn186
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1997WN18602285},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Asiyo-Vogel1997,
   author = {Asiyo-Vogel, M. N. and Koop, N. and Brinkmann, R. and Engelhardt, R. and Eggers, R. and Birngruber, R. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Evaluation of LTK lesions by optical low coherence tomography (OCT) and polarization microscopy after Sirius-Red staining},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {94},
   number = {7},
   pages = {487-491},
   note = {Yp140
Times Cited:5
Cited References Count:21},
   abstract = {Background: Information on the extent and degree of the thermal effect produced is of great importance for control of the laser dosage in laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) and for postoperative follow-up. We investigated on acute LTK effects which information images obtained by optical low coherence tomography (OCT) offer compared to those obtained by polarization microscopy.
Methods: Porcine eyes were irradiated through a 400 mu m quartz fiber using light from a laser diode emitting up to 300 mW at a wavelength of 1.86 mu m. Thermal lesions of varying strength were scanned using an experimental OCT device with about 25 mu m lateral and 20 mu m axial resolution. Histologic evaluation of the scanned areas was done by polarization microscopy after Sirius-Red staining, and similar lesions were also analyzed by TEM.
Results: Both methods differentiated three damage zones: a transition zone, a zone of moderate coagulation, and a central zone of strong coagulation. In the transition zone,increased birefringence was seen in polarization microscopy, which correlated with increased light scattering seen in the DCT images,ln the moderately coagulated zone, a decrease in birefringence was associated with an even stronger increase of the OCT signal, In the central zone,a loss of the fibrillar tissue structure was observed, which led to a complete loss of birefringence and a strong reduction of the OCT signal.
Conclusions: Although OCT does not provide the detailed information on thermal changes of tissue seen by the histologic method, it offers information on the extent and degree of tissue changes without preparation artifacts and provides a non-invasive method of immediate and follow-up control of LTK lesions, A quantitative analysis of changes in corneal thickness and curvature is much simpler than by a slit lamp. Time-resolved measurements of corneal light scattering may be used for on-line control of the laser-light dosage during LTK.},
   keywords = {refractive surgery
laser thermokeratoplasty
collagen denaturation
collagen shrinkage
optical low coherence tomography
polarization microscopy
sirius-red staining
tissue
collagen
eye},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1007/s003470050144},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000071246700004},
   year = {1997},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996-3,
   author = {Brinkmann, R and Knipper, A and Dröge, G and Gafumbegete, D and Miller, A and Gromoll, B and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Ureterotomy with a pulsed Holmium Laser},
   journal = {Proc LASER '95, Springer Verlag},
   pages = {16-19},
   year = { 1996},
url = { https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-80264-5_3},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1996,
   author = {Roider, J. and Lindemann, C. and Droge, G. and ElHifnawi, E. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selective RPE-photocoagulation with repetitive 200 ns subthreshold laser pulses},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37},
   number = {3},
   pages = {3585-3585},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39703579},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Hüttmann1,
   author = {Hüttmann, G. and Hendrich, C. and Birngruber, R. and Lehnert, C. and Seara, J. and Siebert, W. E. and Diddens, H.},
   title = {Protoporphyrin IX distribution after intra-articular and systemic application of 5-aminolevulinic acid in healthy and arthritic joints . 
Mechanisms and Techniques in Photodynamic Therapy V,},
   booktitle = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {2675},
   pages = {238-242},
Year = { 1996}

}

@article{Wetzel1996,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Schroer, F. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Photofragmentation of lens nuclei using the Er:YAG laser: Preliminary report of an in vitro study},
   journal = {Ger J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {5(5)},
  
   pages = {281-284},
   note = {Vq341
Times Cited:13
Cited References Count:12},
   abstract = {The energy of the erbium:YAG laser (2,940-nm wave-length) can be used for minimally traumatic photoablation due to its high absorption at the tissue water and its consequently low penetration depth. Laser sclerostomy ab externo, an application of this principle, has undergone advanced clinical investigation. Another potential application is photofragmentation of the lens for cataract extraction. A laboratory model Er: YAG laser (flashlamp-pumped, 200-mu s pulse length, 5-Hz repetition frequency) was coupled to a short low-OH quartz fiber (400 mu m in diameter). The laser energy was applied by direct contact of the fiber tip to human lenses with very dense cataract. The lenses rested in a small cuvette filled with an aqueous-humor-analogous fluid. The fragmentablation rate was evaluated in relation to the number of pulses and the pulse energy. A laser-triggered flash-photography unit was engaged to visualize the ablation dynamics. We found tissue-ablation rates to range from 4 to 19 mu g/pulse, depending on the nucleus density and ulse energy. The maximal size of the removed fragments was always below 500 mu m During ablation, rapidly increasing and collapsing cavitation bubbles were photographed at the distal tip of the application fiber. The impact radius of these cavitation effects markedly exceeded the pure penetration depth of laser radiation at a 2.9-mu m wavelength. A clinical application of the method should be possible as judged by the results obtained for tissue-ablation rate and fragment size. Cavitation-bubble dynamics seems to be responsible for the high fragmentation efficiency. Special application probes have to be developed to optimize ablation and to prevent inadvertent destruction of the posterior lens capsule by cavitation effects.},
   keywords = {phacoemulsification
er:yag laser
cavitation effects
ablation
surgery},
   ISSN = {0941-2921},
  url = {https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/7016223},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996,
   author = {Wetzel, W;Brinkmann, R;Koop, N;Schröer, F and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Photofragmentation of lens nuclei using the Er: YAG laser: preliminary report of an in vitro study},
   journal = {Ger J ophthalmol},
   volume = {5(5)},
  
   pages = {281-284},
   ISSN = {0941-2921},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{RN5186,
   author = {Gerling, G;Vogel, A;Koop, N;Dröge, G;Birngruber, R and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Morphological and biomorphometrical observations on laser thermal keratoplasty. Histological and biomorphometrical examination of the relationship between refractive change and the volume following Cr: Tm: Ho: YAG laser treatment},
   journal = {Ger J ophthalmol},
   volume = {5(2)},
  
   pages = {84-91},
   ISSN = {0941-2921},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1996,
   author = {SchmidtErfurth, U. and Miller, J. and Sickerberg, M. and Strong, A. and Hoehne, U. and Fsachi, M. and Birngruber, R. and vandenBerg, H. and Laqua, H. and Gragoudas, E. and Zografos, L. and Bressler, N.},
   title = {Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization using benzoporphyrin derivative: First results of a multi-center trial},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37},
   number = {3},
   pages = {580-580},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39700579},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1996,
   author = {Schmidt Erfurth, U; Birngruber, R and Hasan, T},
   title = {Photodynamic therapy in ocular vascular disease},
   journal = {Ieee Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
  
   pages = {988-996},
   note = {Xd616
Times Cited:5
Cited References Count:57},
   abstract = {Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel therapeutical approach which is noninvasive and potentially selective for neoplastic pathologies, Association of photosensitizers with low density lipoprotein (LDL) leads to direct targeting of the treated lesions with enhanced efficiency and selectivity. LDL-mediated PDT is particularly useful in the treatment of neovascular structures since LDL receptors are abundantly expressed on vascular endothelial cells, To evaluate the potential of selective photodynamic vasoocclusion in ocular neovascular disease a sequence of experiments was designed: Efficiency of the LDL-carrier was tested in vitro, the system was then transfered to an in vivo model demonstrating a vascularized neoplasm, Occlusion was successfully performed in experimentally induced neovascularization in the cornea, while selective photothrombosis of subretinal vasculature revealed lack of collateral damage, The experimental results were used to establish a first clinical trial for the use of PDT in age-related macular degeneration, one of the leading causes for blindness.},
   keywords = {low-density-lipoprotein
receptor activity
plasma-lipoproteins
singlet oxygen
cells-invitro
murine tumor
hematoporphyrin
invivo
benzoporphyrin
retinoblastoma},
   ISSN = {1077-260X},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1109/2944.577328},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996XD61600025},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}