@article{Heidenkummer1988,
   author = {Heidenkummer, H. P. and Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B. and Gabel, V. P. and Gao, L. and Tang, S.},
   title = {[Experimental studies of trans-scleral continuous wave Nd:YAG laser coagulation of the ciliary body]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {85},
   number = {6},
   pages = {637-41},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Ciliary Body/pathology/*surgery
Intraocular Pressure
Laser Surgery/*methods
Rabbits
Sclera/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3220377},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1988,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Nasemann, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Fluorescein Angiography with the Laser-Scanning Ophthalmoscope},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {193},
   number = {4},
   pages = {438-438},
   note = {Q9679
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1988Q967900035},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1988,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Light-Induced Retinal Damage Produced by Equipment Used for Ophthalmological Examination and Treatment},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {192},
   number = {3},
   pages = {265-265},
   note = {M6889
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1988M688900039},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1988,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Principles of Ophthalmological Laser Applications},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {192},
   number = {3},
   pages = {264-264},
   note = {M6889
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1988M688900037},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1988,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A. and Schoenlein, R. W. and Lin, W. Z. and Gawande, A.},
   title = {[Retinal effects produced by femotosecond laser pulse]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {85},
   number = {6},
   pages = {699-704},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Fluorescein Angiography
Lasers/*adverse effects
Ophthalmoscopy
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries/pathology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3220388},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1988,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Nasemann, J.},
   title = {[The scanning laser ophthalmoscope and its use as a fluorescein angiography instrument]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {85},
   number = {5},
   pages = {569-73},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
Case Reports
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Child
Fluorescein Angiography/*instrumentation
Humans
Lasers/*diagnostic use
Macular Degeneration/diagnosis
Male
*Ophthalmoscopes
Retinal Diseases/*diagnosis},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3224934},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1987,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {[Retinal temperature stabilization based on choroid circulation]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {84},
   number = {1},
   pages = {92-5},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
*Body Temperature Regulation
Choroid/*blood supply
*Laser Surgery
Rabbits
Retina/*physiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3583190},
   year = {1987},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Puliafito, C. A. and Gawande, A. and Lin, W. Z. and Schoenlein, R. W. and Fujimoto, J. G.},
   title = {Femtosecond Laser Tissue Interactions: Retinal Injury Studies},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {23},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1836-1844},
   year = {1987}
}

@article{Gabel1987,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Kozma, M. and Zink, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Behavior of postoperative intraocular pressure following iridectomy and capsulotomy using a neodymium:YAG laser with reference to the effect of indomethacin]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {84},
   number = {1},
   pages = {76-9},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {*Cataract Extraction
Glaucoma/*surgery
Humans
Indomethacin/*therapeutic use
Intraocular Pressure/*drug effects
Iris/*surgery
*Laser Surgery
Ocular Hypertension/drug therapy
Postoperative Complications/drug therapy},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3583187},
   year = {1987},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1987,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Retinal photocoagulation with different wavelength},
   journal = {Folia Ophthalmol Jpn},
   volume = {38},
   pages = {1660-1669},
   year = {1987},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1986,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B.},
   title = {Clinical relevance of a dosage device for laser photocoagulation},
   journal = {Klin Monbl Augenheilkd},
   volume = {188},
   number = {4},
   pages = {263-5},
   note = {Gabel, V P
Birngruber, R
Lorenz, B
GERMANY, WEST
Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1986 Apr;188(4):263-5.},
   abstract = {Fundus reflectometry constitutes a procedure with which dosage can be precisely regulated during the coagulation process. During retinal coagulation, for example, it is possible with this method to administer coagulations of uniform intensity regardless of variations in either the quality of the fundus image or the absorption of the pigmented structures. This can be useful for coagulation procedures which have to be confined for the most part to the pigment epithelium, as for example in the treatment of central serous retinopathy or in panretinal photocoagulation, where the functional therapeutic principle is still not clearly understood. Another area of application for reflectometric laser coagulation will be laser trabeculoplasty, in which barely detectable lesions have to be placed in the trabecular meshwork.},
   keywords = {*Computers
Diabetic Retinopathy/surgery
Humans
*Laser Therapy
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/surgery
Retinal Detachment/surgery
Retinal Diseases/*surgery
Retinal Vein/surgery
Trabecular Meshwork/surgery
AutoPhoN},
   ISSN = {0023-2165 (Print)
0023-2165 (Linking)},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-2008-1050625},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3723965},
   year = {1986},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lorenz1986,
   author = {Lorenz, B. and Ganson, N. and Stein, H. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[CW neodymium: YAG laser photocoagulation of the rabbit fundus--effect on the choroid and sclera in comparison to argon laser photocoagulation]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {83},
   number = {4},
   pages = {436-40},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Choroid/*injuries
Laser Surgery/*methods
Neodymium
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries
Sclera/*injuries},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3770614},
   year = {1986},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Neubauer1985,
   author = {Neubauer, L. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Corneal endothelial changes in anterior capsulotomy and postcataract membranotomy with the neodymium:YAG laser]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {82},
   number = {1},
   pages = {80-2},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Cataract Extraction/*adverse effects/methods
Cornea/*injuries/pathology
Endothelium/pathology
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Lasers/*adverse effects},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3997004},
   year = {1985},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1985,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Neubauer, L. and Zink, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Ocular Side-Effects Following Neodymium - Yag Laser Irradiation},
   journal = {International Ophthalmology Clinics},
   volume = {25},
   number = {3},
   pages = {137-149},
   note = {Asd03
Times Cited:4
Cited References Count:16},
   ISSN = {0020-8167},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1097/00004397-198502530-00011},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1985ASD0300010},
   year = {1985},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hiemer1985,
   author = {Hiemer, H. and Hutter, H. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Retinal damage in neodymium:YAG laser surgery in the area of the vitreous body},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {82},
   number = {5},
   pages = {447-9},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects
Microscopy, Electron
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries
Vitreous Body/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4076966},
   year = {1985},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Theoretical investigations of laser thermal retinal injury},
   journal = {Health Phys},
   volume = {48},
   number = {6},
   pages = {781-96},
   note = {0017-9078 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {A thermal damage model including heat conduction for retinal lesions is described to explain thermal threshold damage and compare it to experimental values in the regime of 1 ms to 300 ms. With the aid of these model calculations unspecific thermal damage (denaturation of proteins) could be separated from thermally induced damage to the photoreceptors. Furthermore, the thermal model allows an extrapolation to hazards to the fundus from intense light irradiation that have not been investigated experimentally.},
   keywords = {Animals
Eye Proteins
Heat/*adverse effects
Lasers/*adverse effects
Macaca
Mathematics
Models, Biological
Protein Denaturation
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries},
   year = {1985}
}

@article{Hutter1985,
   author = {Hutter, H. and Hiemer, H. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Thermal neodymium:YAG laser effects on the retina]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {82},
   number = {5},
   pages = {443-6},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Choroid/injuries
Lasers/*adverse effects
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries/pathology
Retinal Hemorrhage/pathology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4076965},
   year = {1985},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weinberg1984,
   author = {Weinberg, W. and Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B.},
   title = {The change in light reflection of the retina during therapeutic laser photocoagulation},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {20},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1481-1489},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Yoshimoto1984,
   author = {Yoshimoto, H. and Kampik, A. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Vitreous morphology after carbon dioxide laser irradiation},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {221},
   number = {6},
   pages = {276-81},
   note = {0721-832X (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The immediate vitreous changes produced by a continuous-wave carbon-dioxide laser beam in freshly enucleated bovine and pig eyes were studied by gross examination with a dissecting microscope, and histopathologically by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The lesions produced by the laser beam on the vitreous in an air tissue interface technique were remarkable for their ring-shaped vitreous condensations. The diameter and density of these condensations increased with irradiance. With the same irradiation parameters the lesions at the anterior hyaloid membranes showed greater size and density than those in the central area of the vitreous. These vitreous condensations were demonstrated to consist of heat-denatured collagen fibrils. For light microscopic evaluation of the vitreous a modified method of tissue processing according to Szent Gyorgi has proven optimal in reducing vitreous shrinkage from dehydration. This method of fixation and tissue processing appeared to be useful in evaluating lesions of the vitreous and their relationship to their surroundings.},
   keywords = {Animals
Carbon Dioxide
Cattle
Histological Techniques
*Lasers
Microscopy, Electron
Swine
Vitreous Body/anatomy & histology/*radiation effects/ultrastructure},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6434376},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Scheiffarth1984,
   author = {Scheiffarth, O. F. and Ludwig, K. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and von Meyer, L.},
   title = {Chemical studies of intraocular lenses after experimental generation of lesions by a short-pulsed Nd-YAG laser},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {222},
   number = {1},
   pages = {43-4},
   note = {0721-832X (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {It is theoretically possible that lesions generated by a Q-switched Nd-YAG laser could lead to chemical changes in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) intraocular lenses. These changes could be of clinical relevance. Therefore, we measured the residual monomer content of intraocular lenses before and after generation of lesions by means of a short-pulsed Nd-YAG laser. Despite the explosive destruction of the lens surface caused by this type of laser, there is no measurable release of monomer in the sense of a depolymerization of the PMMA material, even when over 100 lesions are generated. The lesions generated on intraocular PMMA lenses with the Nd-YAG laser are predominantly of a mechanical nature and include the chipping away of small particles from the intraocular lens.},
   keywords = {Lasers/*adverse effects
*Lenses, Intraocular
Methylmethacrylates/*radiation effects},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6510725},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1984,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Lachenmayr, B.},
   title = {Ist der Krypton-Laser anderen Lichtquellen zur Koagulation der Netzhaut überlegen?},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {81},
   pages = {150-153},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1984,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Augengefährdung durch Lasereffekte in Diskotheken},
   journal = {Sozialpädiatrie Prax Klin},
   volume = {6},
   number = {9},
   pages = {487-494},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1984,
   author = {Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Die Lichtbelastung unbehandelter Netzhautareale bei der Photokoagulation},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {81},
   number = {2},
   pages = {147-9},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Humans
Light Coagulation/*adverse effects
Retina/*injuries},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6735303},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1983,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B. and Weinberg, W. and Greite, J. H. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {[Complications in laser coagulation with the panfunduscope]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {79},
   number = {5},
   pages = {434-7},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Fluorescein Angiography/adverse effects/*instrumentation
Humans
Iris/injuries
Lasers/*adverse effects
Lens Nucleus, Crystalline/injuries
Lens, Crystalline/injuries
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6873800},
   year = {1983},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1983,
   author = {Birngruber, Reginald and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Experimental studies of laser thermal retinal injury},
   journal = {Health Phys},
   volume = {44},
   number = {5},
   pages = {519-31},
   note = {0017-9078 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {In damage tests conducted on rabbit and monkey eyes, the threshold values for retinal damage resulting from different laser radiation were determined. The reproduction of the "worst-case" situation was ensured by the test apparatus. All physical parameters, such as power/energy, exposure time, and retinal spot, were carefully controlled. Probit analysis showed a very precise determination of the threshold values based on ophthalmoscopical visibility. The attempt of a simple physical interpretation of the thresholds leads to contradictions in major points, so a detailed calculation of damage functions and thermal model calculations are necessary.},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects
Macaca
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries
AutoPhoN},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6853172},
   year = {1983},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1983,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Thermal versus photochemical damage in the retina--thermal calculations for exposure limits},
   journal = {Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K},
   volume = {103 ( Pt 4)},
   pages = {422-7},
   note = {0078-5334 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Different kinds of damage can be produced by intense light irradiation of the retina. These types of damage can be separated into changes which are induced by photochemical or thermal effects in the tissue. Photochemical damage occurs mainly with intense irradiation of a few seconds or longer whereas thermal effects appear to prevail at irradiation times in the 1 ms to 1000 ms-range. Distinction between photochemical and thermal damage is very difficult because both types of injury appear as disorders in the retinal pigment epithelium and the outer segments of the photoreceptors. A thermal model has therefore been developed which takes into account the light absorption in the different layers of RPE and choroid and allows the calculation of the temporal development of temperature at each site and depth of the fundus. Model calculations are used to correlate exposure parameters (wavelength, irradiance, exposure time etc.) with the resulting temperature profiles. This correlation leads to a better distinction between exposure limits for thermal and photochemical damage of the retina.},
   keywords = {Burns/etiology
Heat/*adverse effects
Humans
Light/*adverse effects
Models, Biological
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/injuries/radiation effects
Retina/*injuries/radiation effects
Temperature},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6600144},
   year = {1983},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1982,
   author = {Weinberg, W and Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R and Gabel, V P},
   title = {Automatisch dosierte Photokoagulation zur Erzielung reproduzierbarer Efekte am Augenhintergrund},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {79},
   number = {2},
   pages = {155-8},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Disease Models, Animal
Light Coagulation/*methods
Rabbits
Retina/*pathology
Retinal Diseases/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7184835},
   year = {1982},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lorenz1982,
   author = {Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and May, S. and Weinberg, W.},
   title = {Die Beeinflussung der Aderhautdurchblutung durch Argonlaserkoagulation. Ein Vergleich zwischen Kaninchen und Affe.},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {79},
   number = {2},
   pages = {159-62},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Choroid/*blood supply/pathology
Humans
Lasers/*methods/*therapeutic use
Macaca mulatta
Rabbits
Radiation Dosage},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6892217},
   year = {1982},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1981,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Gefahren und Schutzmöglichkeiten beim Umgang mit Lasern.},
   journal = {Z prakt Augenheilkd},
   volume = {2},
   number = {1},
   pages = {17-19},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1981,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Weinberg, W. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Thermal Modeling in Retinal Photo-Coagulation},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Research},
   volume = {13},
   number = {5},
   pages = {273-273},
   note = {Mc979
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0030-3747},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1981MC97900062},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}