@article{Birngruber1996,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Indorf, L. and Soultanopoulos, D. and Droge, G. and Eggers, H. and SchmidtErfurth, U.},
   title = {Photodynamic occlusion of ocular neovascularization: Preclinical evaluation of liposomal zinc phthalocyanine},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37},
   number = {3},
   pages = {4214-4214},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39704208},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pan,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Lankenau, E. and Welzel, J. and Birngruber, R. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {Optical Coherence - Gated imaging of Biological Tissues},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {2},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1029-1034},
   year = {1996}
}

@article{Wetzel1996,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and SchmidtErfurth, U. and Spiegel, D. and Jacobi, P. and Buhl, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser sclerostomy ab externo using a new Er:YAG laser device. A clinical multicenter study - Laser sclerostomy study group},
   journal = {Vision Research},
   volume = {36},
   pages = {2414-2414},
   note = {Suppl. S
Vr898
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0042-6989},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996VR89800185},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gerling1996,
   author = {Gerling, G. and Vogel, A. and ElHifnawi, E. and Koop, N. and Droge, G. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {Morphological and biomorphometrical observations on laser thermal keratoplasty - Histological and biomorphometrical examination of the relationship between refractive change and the volume of laser thermal keratoplasty lesions following Cr:Tm:Ho:YAG laser treatment},
   journal = {German Journal of Ophthalmology},
   volume = {5},
   number = {2},
   pages = {84-91},
   note = {Vf915
Times Cited:4
Cited References Count:21},
   abstract = {Laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK) is currently under clinical trial for the correction of hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism by means of collagen coagulation in the peripheral cornea. The purpose of our study was to optimize the ratio between the volume of damaged corneal stroma and the refractive effect so as to minimize potential side effects such as endothelial damage or induction of glare phenomena. We therefore performed histological and morphometrical examinations of enucleated pig eyes to determine the relationship between the coagulated stromal volume and the refractive change after LTK using a pulsed Cr: Tm: Ho: YAG laser (wavelength 2.12 mu m) on enucleated pig eyes. The refractive change was documented with a Littman ophthalmometer. Morphometrical analysis was performed using polarized light microscopy of sirius red-stained specimens. This special stain separated the thermally changed stroma into a dark, nonbirefringent center and a birefringent peripheral zone. The volume of both zones was positively correlated with the refractive change induced. The volume was in turn influenced by the choice of laser parameters, From the ratio of the volume to the refractive change it was found that pulse energies above 30 mJ led to an enlargement of the coagulation volume without increasing the refractive change effectively. The use of high pulse energies did not improve the effect of LTK but only increased the risk of unwanted side effects. However, an increase in the laser repetition rate at a constant pulse number per spot led to refractive changes with a minimal coagulation volume. The highest relative refractive change was achieved with a dark central zone and a birefringent zone, each having a volume of about 50 - 80 x 10(-3) mm(3).},
   keywords = {laser thermal keratoplasty
hyperopic correction
biomorphometry
sirius red stain
polarization microscopy
organization
microscopy
collagen},
   ISSN = {0941-2921},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996VF91500004},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996-4,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Kamm, K. and Geerling, G. and Kampmeier, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser thermokeratoplasty: an in vitro and in vivo-study by means of a Continous Wave Mid-IR laser diode.},
   journal = {Lasermedizin},
   volume = {12},
   pages = {179-186},
   year = { 1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996-2,
   author = {Brinkmann, R;Koop, N;Kamm, K;Geerling, G;Kampmeier, J and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Laser Thermokeratoplasty: an in vitro and in vivo study by means of a cw mid-IR laser diode},
   journal = {Laser Medizin},
   volume = {12},
Keywords = {Brechkraftänderung, Denaturierung, Hyperopie-Korrektur, Koagulation, Kollagen-Kontraaktion, Kornea, Temperaturberechnung},
   pages = {179-186},
   year = { 1996},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60306-8_83},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Kampmeier1996,
   author = {Kampmeier, J. and Brinkmann, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK): Biomechanical properties and IR-laser induced forces in porcine cornea.},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37},
   number = {3},
   pages = {301-301},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39700301},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Geerling1996,
   author = {Geerling, G. and Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Klingemann, I. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser thermokeratoplasty - Experimental study in minipigs with a cw-IR laser diode},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37},
   number = {3},
   pages = {304-304},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39700304},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Zwaan,
   author = {Zwaan, M. and Behnle, U. and Engelhardt, R. and Vogel, A. and Kloess, W. and Birngruber, R. and Weiss, H. D.},
   title = {In-vitro-Untersuchungen zur gepulsten Laserangioplastie in flüssigem und gasförmigem Medium.},
   journal = {Fortschr Röntgenstr},
   volume = {164},
   number = {1},
   pages = {68-71},
   year = {1996}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996-2,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and AsiyoVogel, M. N. and Kaftan, B. and Birngruber, R. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {CW-IR laser thermokeratoplasty: Refractive changes and analysis by optical coherence tomography and light microscopy},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37(3)},
   
   pages = {305-305},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39700305},
   year = { 1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Brinkmann1996-7,
   author = {Brinkmann, Ralf and Kampmeier, Juergen and Grotehusmann, Ulf and Vogel, Alfred and Koop, Norbert and Asiyo-Vogel, Mary and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Corneal collagen denaturation in laser thermokeratoplasty},
   volume = {2681},
   pages = {56-63},
   note = {10.1117/12.239611},
   abstract = {In laserthermokeratoplasty (LTK) thermal denaturation and shrinkage of corneal collagen is used to correct hyperopia and astigmatism. In order to optimize dosimetry, the temperature at which maximal shrinkage of collagen fibrils occurs is of major interest. Since the exposure time in clinical LTK-treatment is limited to a few seconds, the kinetics of collagen denaturation as a rate process has to be considered, thus the time of exposure is of critical importance for threshold and shrinkage temperatures. We investigated the time-temperature correlation for corneal collagen denaturation within different time domains by turbidimetry of scattered HeNe laser probe light using a temperature controlled water bath and pulsed IR laser irradiation. In the temperature range of 60 degree(s)C to 95 degree(s)C we found an exponential relation between the denaturation time and temperature. For the typical LTK-treatment time of 2 s, a temperature of 95 degree(s)C is needed to induce thermal damage. Use of pulsed Holmium laser radiation gave significant scattering of HeNe laser probe light at calculated temperatures of around 100 degree(s)DC. Rate parameters according to the formalism of Arrhenius were fitted to these results. Force measurements showed the simultaneous onset of light scattering and collagen shrinkage.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.239611},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
Year ={  1996}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1996,
   author = {SchmidtErfurth, U. and Flotte, T. J. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Schomacker, K. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Benzoporphyrin-lipoprotein-mediated photodestruction of intraocular tumors},
   journal = {Experimental Eye Research},
   volume = {62},
   number = {1},
   pages = {1-10},
   note = {Tt612
Times Cited:22
Cited References Count:43},
   abstract = {Benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD), a sensitizer currently in clinical trials, was evaluated for the treatment of experimental Greene melanoma implanted in the rabbit iris. To improve tumor targeting, BPD was complexed with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) representing an endogenous carrier system for BPD as previously described. Twelve tumors were irradiated at a sensitizer dose of 2 mg kg(-1) body weight using a dye laser at 692 nm. Tumor responses were documented by photography, angiography and light and electron microscopy. All tumors treated with 80 J cm(-2) regressed irreversibly. The principal mechanism of tumor necrosis was thrombosis following disruption of endothelial membranes. Ultrastructure data suggested tumor cell damage, although evidence for this being the result of direct PDT-mediated tumor cell death was less clear. These data suggest that BPD-LDL may be used to improve the selectivity of photodynamic tumor therapy possibly by the increased uptake of lipoprotein-delivered sensitizer to neovascular endothelial cells. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited},
   keywords = {photodynamic therapy
benzoporphyrin derivative
low-density lipoprotein
intraocular tumors, in vivo
photodynamic therapy
plasma-lipoproteins
malignant-melanoma
cholesterol-metabolism
endothelial-cells
hematoporphyrin
photosensitization
photoimmunotherapy
biodistribution
invitro},
   ISSN = {0014-4835},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1006/exer.1996.0001},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TT61200001},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996-1,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Hansen, C. and Mohrenstecher, D. and Scheu, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Analysis of cavitation dynamics during pulsed laser tissue ablation by optical on-line monitoring},
   journal = {Ieee Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
   volume = {2(4)},
   
   pages = {826-835},
   note = {Xd616
Times Cited:20
Cited References Count:24},
   abstract = {Flashlamp pumped mid-IR laser systems emitting in the 23-mu m wavelength range are widely used for various medical applications, especially for tissue ablation, Explosive evaporation is inevitably associated with this process due to the short pulse durations of these laser systems and the high absorption of tissue and water in this spectral regime, Tissue displacement and dissection occur in liquid environment as a consequence of the induced cavitation, Depending on the application these processes might enhance the tissue ablation but can also cause adverse tissue effects, The ablation dynamics were investigated by evaluating the change in rejected probe-light intensity reemitted from the application fiber tip. The ablated cavity and the signal was correlated to fast-flash photographs of the event. Based on this reflection signal a water/tissue discrimination system is introduced which can widely support medical laser applications. In laser sclerostomy ab externo, for example, this approach can be used as a feedback system to automatically control the ablation process. With such a system, adverse effects to adjacent tissue in the anterior chamber of the eye can be minimized.},
   ISSN = {1077-260X},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1109/2944.577305},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996XD61600006},
   year = { 1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Inderfurth1995,
   author = {Inderfurth, J. and Ferguson, R. D. and Puliafito, C. A. and Frish, M. B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Reflection measurement during retinal laser coagulation in patients. Development of an automatically controlled dosimeter]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {92},
   number = {5},
   pages = {717-22},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Retinal laser coagulation has limited reproducibility, because every laser exposition is unpredictably affected by pigmentation and media opacities. This can lead to complications. A feedback-controlled dosimeter would make retinal laser treatment a safer, more reproducible and faster procedure. METHOD: A reflectometer was developed that allows monitoring of the reflection of laser light during standard photocoagulation. Hundreds of coagulations in rabbit eyes and about 12,000 coagulations in patients undergoing routine laser treatment were recorded. RESULTS: The results of the first reflectance measurements in humans are presented along with extensive animal studies. A typical reflectance history was found for different lesion intensities. The degree of retinal whitening correlates with reflectance characteristics. These characteristics allow an early prediction of lesion intensity. Motion during laser exposure affects each coagulation in a fashion similar to spot size and exposure time. CONCLUSION: Reflectometry is the currently most effective means of monitoring lesion development. An automatic dosimeter for retinal photocoagulation seems feasible.},
   keywords = {Animals
Equipment Design
Feasibility Studies
Humans
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Rabbits
Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted/*instrumentation
Retinal Diseases/*surgery
Treatment Outcome},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8751004},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1995,
   author = {Schmidterfurth, U; Droge, G; Wetzel, W  and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Mitomycin-C in Laser Sclerostomy - Time of Administration and Postoperative Hypotony},
   journal = {Invest Ophthal & VisScie},
   
   pages = {S89-S89},
   note = {Qm915
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995QM91500432},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pan,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Birngruber, R. and Rosperich, J. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {Low-coherence optical tomography in turbid tissue: theoretical analysis.},
   journal = {Appl Optics},
   volume = {34},
   number = {28},
   pages = {6564-6574},
   year = {1995}
}

@article{Wetzel1995,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Haring, G. and Roider, J. and Droge, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser sclerostomy ab externo using two different infrared lasers: a clinical comparison},
   journal = {Ger J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {1},
   pages = {1-6},
   note = {0941-2921 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   abstract = {This study was designed to compare the clinical results of an ab externo approach to laser sclerostomy using two different laser sources under identical conditions. A pulsed (200 microseconds) erbium-YAG laser (lambda = 2940 nm) and a pulsed (200 microseconds) holmium:YAG laser (lambda = 2120 nm) were used. The energy of each laser was transmitted via a fiber (300 microns in diameter) and applied near the limbus, with the fiber tip remaining in steady contact with the sclera. According to the higher tissue absorption coefficient, a shorter penetration depth and, therefore, fewer complications were expected for the Er:YAG laser. A total of 26 patients with advanced open-angle glaucoma were treated and followed for up to 6 months. In all cases a functioning fistula with a prominent filtering bleb and a marked reduction in the intraocular pressure (from up to 35 mm Hg to < 10 mm Hg) could be achieved primarily. The total energy required was about 4 times lower for erbium:YAG laser was compared with holmium:YAG laser sclerostomies. No complication occurred intraoperatively. Postoperatively, reversible adherence of the iris to the internal ostium was more frequently observed in Ho:YAG laser sclerostomies (60%) and small hyphemas were more often seen in Er:YAG laser sclerostomies (30%). After 6 months of follow-up, about 40% of the fistula remained patent in both groups. In principle, both lasers are suited to serve as energy sources for the described approach. Under the conditions of the present study, different levels of thermal effects did not cause any significant difference in the clinical success rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
   keywords = {Adult
Chronic Disease
Follow-Up Studies
Glaucoma, Open-Angle/*surgery
Humans
Intraocular Pressure
Laser Surgery/*methods
Middle Aged
Ostomy
Postoperative Complications
Prognosis
Sclera/surgery
*Sclerostomy},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7728103},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1995,
   author = {Schmidterfurth, U. and Hasan, T. and Schomacker, K. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {In-Vivo Uptake of Liposomal Benzoporphyrin Derivative and Photothrombosis in Experimental Corneal Neovascularization},
   journal = {Lasers in Surgery and Medicine},
   volume = {17},
   number = {2},
   pages = {178-188},
   note = {Rw607
Times Cited:72
Cited References Count:39},
   abstract = {Background and Objective: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used successfully to occlude neovascularizations experimentally. We evaluated the vasoocclusive potential of benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD), a new photosensitizer currently in clinical trials. Since liposomally formulated BPD strongly binds to endogenous low density lipoproteins (LDL) after i.v. injection, LDL act as carrier to deliver BPD preferentially 60 proliferating endothelial cells.
Study Design/Materials and Methods: Corneal neovascularizations in rabbits were used as model. Time-dependent uptake and retention of liposomal BPD were measured in vivo by monitoring the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Photothrombosis was induced using a dye laser emitting at 692 nm.
Results: A maximal BPD concentration was measured at 60-90 minutes postinjection determining the optimal time interval for treatment. Exposures as low as 10 J/cm(2) allowed complete and irreversible neovascular occlusion as documented angiographically. Histology revealed selective endothelial damage, adjacent corneal stroma, or iris vessels, remained intact. Identical results were obtained using BPD directly complexed with LDL suggesting use of a LDL-mediated pathway.
Conclusion: We suggest BPD-PDT for a selective treatment of neovascular diseases. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
   keywords = {benzoporphyrin derivative
ocular photothrombosis
liposomes
cornea
neovascularization
low-density lipoprotein
photodynamic therapy
laser photocoagulation
photochemical initiation
vascular occlusion
lipid keratopathy
endothelial-cells
feeder vessels
thrombosis
hematoporphyrin},
   ISSN = {0196-8092},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1002/lsm.1900170207},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995RW60700006},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schirner1995,
   author = {Schirner, G. and Koop, N. and Elhifnawi, E. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {Experiments with Pulsed and Continuous-Wave Laser Sources to Optimize Laserthermo-Keratoplasty},
   journal = {Vision Research},
   volume = {35},
   pages = {P167-P167},
   note = {Suppl. S
Rz562
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0042-6989},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995RZ56200472},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Goldau1995,
   author = {Goldau, R. and Twilfer, H. and Zwaan, M. and Morrin, M. and Marquardt, U. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {In-vivo fluorescence spectroscopy of abdominal and iliac arterial in humans.},
   journal = {Lasermedizin},
   volume = {11},
   pages = {212-218},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schirner1995,
   author = {Schirner, G. and Brinkmann, R. and Droge, G. and Koop, N. and Elhifnawi, E. S. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Experimental Studies to Optimize Laser-Thermokeratoplasty Using Pulsed and Cw-Laser-Sources},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {36},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S716-S716},
   note = {Qm915
Times Cited:3
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995QM91503294},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wetzel1995,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and Otto, R. and Falkenstein, W. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Development of a new Er: YAG laser conception for laser sclerostomy ab externo: experimental and first clinical results},
   journal = {Ger J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {5},
   pages = {283-8},
   note = {0941-2921 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The erbium:YAG laser is a preferable energy source for laser sclerostomy ab externo due to the high absorption of its radiation (2940-nm wavelength) in the aqueous parts of scleral tissue. It has thus far been a disadvantage that laser energy has to be transmitted from the laser source to the application site via very susceptible special optical fibers (ZrF). As a consequence of technical improvements, the laser source could be integrated into the application probe. Therefore, only a robust quartz fiber was necessary for contact application. A fiber diameter of 400 microns was chosen according to the experience gained in previous studies. A total of 24 eyes with chronical open-angle glaucoma were treated. A fistula end-point detection unit was developed for safe indication of a full-thickness perforation of the sclera. With a fiber diameter of 400 microns, a postoperative success rate of about 54% was achieved at 6 months follow-up. The automated full-thickness perforation detection prevented the application of additional, surplus laser pulses in the anterior chamber. The postoperative success rate could be improved over that achieved in previous studies. The new device/conception offers more technical reliability and is a further step toward minimally invasive fistulating laser surgery of open-angle glaucoma.},
   keywords = {Erbium
Follow-Up Studies
Glaucoma, Open-Angle/*surgery
Humans
Laser Surgery/instrumentation/*methods
Sclera/*surgery
Treatment Outcome},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7496339},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Toth1995,
   author = {Toth, C. A. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Boppart, S. A. and Hee, M. R. and Dicarlo, C. D. and Cain, C. P. and Roach, W. P.},
   title = {Correlation between Optical Coherence Tomography, Clinical Examination and Histopathology of Macular Laser Lesions},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {36},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S207-S207},
   note = {Qm915
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995QM91500948},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1995,
   author = {Roider, J. and Schmidterfurth, U. and Hoerauf, H. and Lasser, T. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Contact Diode-Laser Cyclophotocoagulation (Cpc) with a New Focusing Fiber Tip},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {36},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S559-S559},
   note = {Qm915
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995QM91502590},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1995,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Schroer, F. and Mohrenstecher, D. and Droge, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Ablation Dynamics in Laser Sclerostomy Ab-Externo},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {36},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S558-S558},
   note = {Qm915
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995QM91502583},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1994,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Hasan, T. and Gragoudas, E. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Vascular targeting in photodynamic occlusion of subretinal vessels},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {101},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1953-61},
   note = {0161-6420 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) for occlusion of subretinal neovascular membranes, the authors studied efficiency and collateral damage of PDT-induced photothrombosis in the rabbit choriocapillary layer. METHOD: Benzoporphyrin derivative, a new photosensitizer, currently in clinical trials for tumor therapy, was used. Low-density lipoprotein served as a carrier to enhance selective targeting of vascular endothelial cells. RESULTS: Complete choriocapillary occlusion was achieved at a BPD dose of 2 mg/kg and a radiant exposure as low as 10 J/cm2. When PDT was performed 3 hours after BPD application, damage to the neural retina was minimal. Only inner photoreceptor segments showed mitochondrial swelling probably secondary to choroidal ischemia. Bruch's membrane remained intact. Retinal pigment epithelium was invariably damaged as seen with other photosensitizers. CONCLUSION: Compared with photocoagulation BPD-PDT allows endothelial-bound intraluminal photothrombosis, sparing important structures such as neural retina and Bruch's membrane. It may thus provide a more selective treatment of juxtafoveal and subfoveal neovascular membranes.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bruch Membrane/drug effects/pathology/radiation effects
Choroid/blood supply
Drug Carriers
Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects/pathology/radiation effects
Lipoproteins, LDL/therapeutic use
*Photochemotherapy/methods
Photoreceptors/drug effects/pathology/radiation effects
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/drug effects/pathology/radiation effects
Porphyrins/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Rabbits
Radiation-Sensitizing Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Retinal Neovascularization/*drug therapy/pathology
Retinal Vessels/*drug effects/pathology/radiation effects},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7997334},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@book{Vogel,
   author = {VOGEL, A. and ASIYO-VOGEL, M. and BIRNGRUBER, R.},
   title = {Untersuchungen zur intrastromalen refraktiven Hornhautchirurgie mit Picosekunden-Nd: YAG-Laser-Pulsen},
   publisher = {Springer},
   address = {Berlin, ALLEMAGNE},
   volume = {91},
   keywords = {Surgery
Chirurgie
Cornea
Corn&#233
e
YAG laser
Laser YAG
Neodymium
N&#233
odyme
Stroma
Laser produced plasma
Plasma produit par laser
Cavitation bubble
Bulle cavitation
Eye
Oeil
Sheep
Mouton
Animal
In vitro
Artiodactyla
Ungulata
Mammalia
Vertebrata},
   year = {1994}
}

@inproceedings{Hüttmann,
   author = {Hüttmann, G. and Churio, S. and Braslavsky, S.E. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {The Possibility of Measuring Thermal Protein Denaturation by an Optoacoustic Method.},
   booktitle = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {2077},
   pages = {202-212},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.168030},
year = { 1994}

}

@article{Roider1994,
   author = {Roider, J. and Traccoli, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Anderson, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selektiver Gefässverschluss durch repetierende kurze Laserpulse},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {3},
   pages = {274-9},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The occlusion of arterioles and venules (30 microns in diameter) by means of repeated dye laser pulses (577 nm, 160 microseconds, 0.5 Hz) was studied in the hamster cheek pouch model. Microscopically visible changes during and after irradiation were recorded and monitored by a video system. The energy necessary per pulse for vessel occlusion with a single pulse (arterioles 5 J/cm2, venules 3.5 J/cm2) can be lowered more than 50% with 100 pulses (1.8 J/cm2, 1.2 J/cm2). Rupture of vessels, which regularly occurs with a single pulse, can be totally avoided with 100 repetitive laser pulses. Investigations of the temperature dependence of the occlusion rate of arterioles showed different interaction mechanisms with one pulse and 100 pulses (mechanical and thermal respectively). Light and electron microscopic investigations supported this concept of selective occlusion using repeated short laser pulses. Possible clinical applications are portwine stains of the eyelid, neovascularisation on the cornea and subretinal neovascularisation.},
   keywords = {Animals
Arterioles/pathology
Cheek/blood supply
Cricetinae
*Disease Models, Animal
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron
Retinal Neovascularization/pathology/*surgery
Venules/pathology
Video Recording/*instrumentation},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8086741},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1994,
   author = {Roider, J. and Schiller, M. and el Hifnawi, E. S. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Retinal photocoagulation with a pulsed, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm)]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {6},
   pages = {777-82},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The small difference in wavelength between an argon laser (514 nm) and a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm), together with the advantage of the solid-state technology, makes the Nd:YAG laser likely to play a major role in retinal photocoagulation in the near future. For technical reasons all frequency-doubled Nd:YAG lasers work in a quasi-continuous mode, emitting a burst of highly repetitive short laser pulses during the exposure time desired. We investigated the side effects due to high peak irradiances of those short laser pulse trains (Crystal Focus Nd:YAG laser, Emerald; pulse duration 1-10 microseconds, repetition rate 13 KHz) in rabbits in comparison with a standard argon laser system (Zeiss, Visulas, Argon II). The energy necessary for blanching the retina was similar in both cases. As opposed to the argon laser system, subretinal bubbles were regularly visible ophthalmoscopically with the Nd:YAG system, when average powers as high as 200 mW were used. The ED50 power for bubble formation is about 2-3 times above the ED50 power for blanching. Thermal calculations show that this bubble formation effect is likely to be related to the peak power of the short pulses. The hemorrhage threshold is similar in both systems. However, light microscopically there is no difference between the two laser systems. Panretinal photocoagulation (300-500 microns, 100-200 ms) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy produced such bubbles about once per 1000 lesions.},
   keywords = {Animals
Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology/surgery
Equipment Design
Humans
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron
Ophthalmoscopy
Rabbits
Retina/injuries/pathology/*surgery
Retinal Hemorrhage/pathology
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative/pathology/surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7849431},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}