@inproceedings{Pan,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Engelhardt, R. and Rosperich, J. and Hüttmann, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Measurement of Optical-Transport-Coefficients of Intralipid in Visible and NIR Range},
   booktitle = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {2134A},
   pages = {354-363},
Year = { 1994},
URL = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.182954}

}

@article{Inderfurth1994,
   author = {Inderfurth, J. H. C. and Ferguson, R. D. and Puliafito, C. A. and Frish, M. B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Reflectance Monitoring during Retinal Photocoagulation in Humans - Steps toward the Development of an Automated Feedback-Controlled Photocoagulator},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1374-1374},
   note = {Mz585
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MZ58500560},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1994,
   author = {Schmidt Erfurth, U W; Gragoudas, E; Flotte, T J;  Michaud, N A;  Birngruber, R and Hasan, T},
   title = {Photodynamic Therapy of Experimental Choroidal Melanoma Using Lipoprotein-Delivered Benzoporphyrin},
   journal = {Ophthal},
   
   pages = {89-99},
   note = {Mv308
Times Cited:81
Cited References Count:32},
   abstract = {Background: Benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid (BPD) is a new photosensitizer currently undergoing clinical trial for cutaneous malignancies. Compared with the clinically most frequently used sensitizer, Photofrin, BPD may offer higher tumor phototoxicity, better tissue penetration, and absence of significant skin sensitization. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) carriers heighten efficiency and selectivity of BPD because neovascular and tumor cells express an increased number of LBL receptors. Hence, in addition to the vaso-occlusive effects similar to most other photosensitizers, LDL-BPD also has been shown to cause direct tumor cell damage.
Methods: Benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid was complexed with human LDL and used in photodynamic treatment of choroidal melanomas experimentally induced in eight albino rabbits. Five rabbits served as controls. Three hours after intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg body weight of LDL-BPD, eight tumors were irradiated at 692 nm and 100 J/cm(2) via an argon-pumped dye laser coupled into a slit lamp.
Results: Angiography and histologic findings showed immediate photothrombosis after disintegration of endothelial membranes. After complete necrosis of tumor cells within 24 hours, a small fibrotic scar slowly developed. No tumor regrowth was noted up to 6 weeks when animals were killed.
Conclusion: These data suggest that photodynamic treatment with LDL-BPD may be a promising modality for multiple clinical applications, including tumors and neovascularizations II.},
   keywords = {hematoporphyrin photoradiation therapy
malignant-melanoma
intraocular tumors
cells
photoimmunotherapy
oxygen
cancer
invivo
agent},
   ISSN = {0161-6420},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MV30800018},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Busch, S. and Jungnickel, K. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Mechanisms of intraocular photodisruption with picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {15},
   number = {1},
   pages = {32-43},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {Nd:YAG laser photodisruption with nanosecond (ns) pulses is an established method for intraocular surgery. In order to assess whether an increased precision can be achieved by the use of picosecond (ps) pulses, the plasma size, the shock wave characteristics, and the cavitation bubble expansion after optical breakdown with ps- and ns-laser pulses were investigated by time-resolved photography and acoustic measurements. Nd:YAG laser pulses with a duration of 30 ps and 6 ns, respectively, were focused into a water-filled glass cuvette. Frequency doubled light from the same laser pulses was optically delayed between 2 ns and 136 ns and used as illumination light source for photography. Since the individual events were well reproducible, the shock wave and bubble wall position could be determined as a function of time. From the slope of these r(t) curves, the shock wave and bubble wall velocities were determined, and the shock wave pressure was calculated from the shock velocity. The plasma size at various laser pulse energies was measured from photographs of the plasma radiation. The breakdown thresholds at 30 ps and 6 ns pulse duration were found to be 15 microJ and 200 microJ, respectively. At threshold, ps-plasmas are shorter than ns-plasmas, but at the same pulse energy they are always approximately 2.5 times longer. The initial shock pressures were 17 kbar after ps-pulses with an energy of 50 microJ, and 21 kbar after 1 mJ ns-pulses. The pressure amplitude decayed much faster after the ps-pulses. The maximum expansion velocity of the cavitation bubble was 350 m/s after a 50 microJ ps-pulse, but 1,600 m/s after a 1 mJ ns-pulse. The side effects of intraocular microsurgery associated with shock wave emission and cavitation bubble expansion can be considerably reduced by the use of ps-pulses, and new applications of photodisruption may become possible.},
   keywords = {Eye/*radiation effects
Humans
*Laser Surgery/methods
Models, Structural
Physics},
   year = {1994}
}

@article{Lin1994,
   author = {Lin, C. P. and Weaver, Y. K. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Intraocular microsurgery with a picosecond Nd:YAG laser},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {15},
   number = {1},
   pages = {44-53},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {We investigated the use of picosecond Nd:YAG laser pulses for intraocular microsurgery. With a pulse duration of 100 picoseconds, only 70 microJ of pulse energy is required to consistently produce optical breakdown in the deep vitreous. This pulse energy is nearly two orders of magnitude less than the typical pulse energies used in conventional (nanosecond) photodisruptors. The reduced pulse energy results in a smaller zone of tissue damage, an important consideration when operating close to the retina or other sensitive ocular structures. Efficient cutting action is achieved by applying multiple pulses at a moderately high repetition rate of 50-200 Hz. An in vitro model was developed to assess axial confinement of picosecond photodisruption. In vivo vitreous membrane surgery was performed in experimental rabbit eyes to demonstrate a potential clinical application of picosecond laser-induced optical breakdown.},
   keywords = {3T3 Cells
Animals
Cell Membrane
Cells, Cultured
Disease Models, Animal
Eye Diseases/pathology/surgery
Laser Surgery/instrumentation/*methods
Mice
Microsurgery/instrumentation/*methods
Rabbits
Vitreous Body/pathology/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7997047},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1994,
   author = {Wetzel, W;Häring, G;Brinkmann, R and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Laser sclerostomy ab externo using the erbium: YAG laser. First results of a clinical study},
   journal = {Germ j ophthal},
   volume = {3(2)},
  
   pages = {112-115},
   ISSN = {0941-2921},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1994,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Asiyovogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Investigations on Intrastromal Refractive Surgery with Picosecond Nd-Yag Laser-Pulses},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2155-2155},
   note = {Mz585
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MZ58504161},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1994,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Asiyo-Vogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Intrastromal refractive corneal surgery with pico-second Nd:YAG laser pulses]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {5},
   pages = {655-62},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {Intrastromal laser surgery with picosecond pulses aims to achieve refractive changes of the cornea without damaging the epithelium, Bowman's membrane, or the endothelium. For that, a tissue layer with well-defined thickness has to be evaporated by creating laser plasmas within the corneal stroma. We investigated the plasma formation and the plasma-induced shock wave emission and bubble generation (cavitation) in the cornea, as well as the tissue effects and the range for endothelial damage. The laser light source used was an Nd:YAG laser emitting pulses with a duration of 30 ps at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. Intrastromal plasma formation and cavitation were investigated in sheep eyes in vitro by means of time-resolved macro-photography with 20 ns exposure time. Photographs were taken at various delay times (3 microseconds-2 min) after the release of the Nd:YAG laser pulse. The morphology of the laser effects and the incidence of endothelial damage was investigated by light-microscopic inspection of histological cross sections of the irradiated corneas. The minimal plasma size at energies close to the breakdown threshold was about 40 microns. Using a laser effects could be created without causing microscopically detectable damage to the epithelium, endothelium, or Bowman's membrane. To avoid damage, the distance between endothelium and laser focus had to be larger than 150 microns. Shock wave-induced tissue damage was not observed, although the maximum shock wave pressure was up to 13 kbar. The laser-generated intrastromal cavities are at least 10 times larger than the plasma volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
   keywords = {Animals
Corneal Stroma/pathology/*surgery
Endothelium, Corneal/pathology
Epithelium/pathology
Equipment Design
Laser Surgery/*instrumentation
*Refraction, Ocular
Sheep
Surface Properties},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7812100},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Capon, M. R. and Asiyo-Vogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Intraocular photodisruption with picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses: tissue effects in cornea, lens, and retina},
   journal = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci},
   volume = {35},
   number = {7},
   pages = {3032-44},
   note = {0146-0404 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE. Nd:YAG laser photodisruption with nanosecond (ns) pulses in the millijoule range is an established tool for intraocular surgery. This study investigates tissue effects in cornea, lens, and retina to assess whether picosecond (ps) pulses with energies in the microjoule range can increase the surgical precision, reduce collateral damage, and allow applications requiring more localized tissue effects than can be achieved with ns pulses. METHODS. Both ps and ns Nd:YAG laser effects on Descemet's membrane, in the corneal stroma, in the lens, and at the retina were investigated in vitro in bovine and sheep eyes and in cataractous human lens nuclei. For each tissue, the optical breakdown threshold was determined. The morphology of the tissue effects and the damage range of the laser pulses were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The cavitation bubble dynamics during the formation of corneal intrastromal laser effects were documented by time-resolved photography. RESULTS. The optical breakdown threshold for ps pulses in clear cornea, lens, and vitreous is, on average, 12 times lower than that for ns pulses. In cataractous lens nuclei, it is lower by a factor of 7. Using ps pulses, Descemet's membrane could be dissected with fewer disruptive side effects than with ns pulses, whereby the damage range decreased by a factor of 3. The range for retinal damage was only 0.5 mm when 200 microJ ps pulses were focused into the vitreous. Picosecond pulses could be used for corneal intrastromal tissue evaporation without damaging the corneal epithelium or endothelium, when the pulses were applied in the anterior part of the stroma. The range for endothelial damage was 150 microns at 80 microJ pulse energy. Intrastromal corneal refractive surgery is compromised by the laser-induced cavitation effects. Tissue displacement during bubble expansion is more pronounced than tissue evaporation, and irregular bubble formation creates difficulties in producing predictable refractive changes. CONCLUSIONS. The use of ps pulses improves the precision of intraocular Nd:YAG laser surgery and diminishes unwanted disruptive side effects, thereby widening the field of potential applications. Promising fields for further studies are intrastromal corneal refractive surgery, cataract fragmentation, membrane cutting, and vitreolysis close to the retina.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cattle
Cornea/injuries/surgery/*ultrastructure
Laser Surgery/adverse effects/instrumentation/*methods
Lens, Crystalline/injuries/surgery/*ultrastructure
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Retina/injuries/surgery/*ultrastructure
Sheep},
   year = {1994}
}

@article{Hee1994,
   author = {Hee, M. R. and Izatt, J. A. and Swanson, E. A. and Huang, D. and Lin, C. P. and Schuman, J. S. and Puliafito, C. A. and Inderfurth, J. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G.},
   title = {In-Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography of the Anterior Segment},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2078-2078},
   note = {Mz585
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MZ58503806},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1994,
   author = {Schirner, G;Huber, A;Wördemann, A;GRÖGE, G; El-Hifnawi, E; Birngruber, R and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Wirkung des Er: Glas-und Cr: TM: Ho: YAG-Lasers bei der Thermokeratoplastik},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe (Berlin. Print)},
   volume = {91},
   number = {5},
   pages = {638-645},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schirner1994,
   author = {Schirner, G. and Huber, A. and Wordemann, A. and Droge, G. and el-Hifnawi, E. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {[Experimental studies on the effect of the Er:glass and Cr:Tm:Ho:YAG laser in thermokeratoplasty]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {5},
   pages = {638-45},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {So far the dose-effect ratio of the Holmium laser (wavelength 2.12 microns) and the erbium laser (1.54 microns) for laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) are not defined in detail. Our study was designed not only to compare the erbium contact and the holmium non-contact applications but also to throw light on the influence of different geometrical application patterns, pulse energies, pulses per coagulation site and repetition rates under experimental conditions. Enucleated sheep and pig eyes were used 2-6 h post mortem, pressurized to 25 mmHg and moisturized with saline solution. Before and after LTK, pachymetry and keratometry were performed. Some specimens were prepared for light and scanning microscopy. The coagulation threshold for the erbium laser in a contact mode with a 200-microns fibre was 25 J/cm2 (ca. 8 mJ/pulse) and for the holmium laser 8 J/cm2 (ca. 2.5 mJ/pulse). The erbium laser was used in a single shot per spot mode, the holmium laser in repeated pulse per spot mode. With the single shot per spot mode, we were able to induce a promising hyperopic shift of up to -3.47 +/- 0.61 D, while myopic changes could only be induced up to +1.89 +/- 0.74 D. Higher changes of up to +8.27 +/- 1.3 D could be achieved by means of repeated pulses per spot (20 pulses, 45 mJ, 10 Hz). Our experiments showed an obvious increase of dioptric changes when using a higher repetition rate while pulse energy and number were kept constant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
   keywords = {Animals
Cornea/pathology
Corneal Transplantation/*instrumentation/pathology
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Myopia/pathology/surgery
Refraction, Ocular
Sheep
Swine},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7812097},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Inderfurth1994,
   author = {Inderfurth, J. H. and Ferguson, R. D. and Frish, M. B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Dynamic reflectometer for control of laser photocoagulation on the retina},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {15},
   number = {1},
   pages = {54-61},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {In retinal laser photocoagulation, constant exposure parameters do not result in identical lesions. This lack of reproducibility increases the rate of complications from over- or undertreatment and inhibits determination of the optimal treatment endpoints for different retinal disorders. To this end, a feedback-controlled photocoagulator could make retinal photocoagulation a safer, more reproducible, and faster procedure. A dynamic confocal reflectometer was integrated into a slit lamp laser delivery system. Real-time reflectance changes on the retinas of pigmented rabbits were obtained by monitoring the increasing back-scattered light of the coagulating beam during argon laser photocoagulation. Reproducible temporal reflectance patterns were measured that correlated with ophthalmoscopically assessed lesion intensity independent of the exposure parameters, the transparency of the optical media, and the focusing conditions. As a step toward the development of a feedback-controlled photocoagulator, the confocal reflectometer has been proven in animal trials closely resembling clinical practice.},
   keywords = {Animals
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation/methods
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7997048},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1994,
   author = {Schmidt Erfurth, U. and Diddens, H. and Bamberg, M. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Carrier-Mediated Targeting in Photodynamic Therapy of Retinoblastoma Cells},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2119-2119},
   note = {Mz585
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MZ58504004},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Binkmann1994,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Dröge, G. and Koop, N. and Wördemann, A. and Schirner, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Investigations on laser thermokeratoplasty},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {6},
   number = {4},
   pages = {259 - 270},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Inderfurth1993,
   author = {Inderfurth, J. H. C. and Frish, M. B. and Ferguson, R. D. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Research Towards Development of a Dynamic Reflectometer for Control of Laser-Induced Retinal Photocoagulation},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {960-960},
   note = {Kt893
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1993KT89301270},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pan1993,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Du, C.W. and Liu, X.D. and Li, Z.G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Wavelength dependence of the faraday effect and magneto-birefringence in ferrofluid thin films.},
   journal = {J Appl Phys},
   volume = {73},
   number = {10},
   pages = {6139-6141},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1993,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Transscleral and indirect ophthalmoscope diode laser retinal photocoagulation: experimental quantification of the therapeutic range for their application in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {231},
   number = {7},
   pages = {378-83},
   note = {0721-832X (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Laser indirect ophthalmoscope (LIO) photocoagulation and transscleral photocoagulation through the conjunctiva and subconjunctiva were performed in the fundus of chinchilla gray rabbits using various exposure times and powers, and the thresholds for retinal blanching and choroidal hemorrhage were determined. The therapeutic range was described for both applications as the ratio between energy values to produce grayish white lesions and hemorrhage at 50% probability. The therapeutic range appeared to remain almost constant with different exposure times. The mean ratio with LIO was 3.2 +/- 0.28, similar to that with slit-lamp delivery reported in our previous study. The mean ratio with transscleral photocoagulation through the conjunctiva and subconjunctiva were 2.48 +/- 0.28 and 2.38 +/- 0.26, respectively. The variability of LIO appeared to be a little lower than with transscleral photocoagulation. There was no significant difference between the variability with transscleral photocoagulation through the conjunctiva and subconjunctiva.},
   keywords = {Animals
Choroid Hemorrhage/etiology/pathology
Fundus Oculi
Humans
Infant, Newborn
Laser Coagulation/adverse effects/*methods
Ophthalmoscopy
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery
Retinal Diseases/etiology/pathology
Retinopathy of Prematurity/*surgery
Semiconductors},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8406062},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1993,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Hefetz, Y. and Roider, J. and Schmidt, U. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A. and Vogel, Alfred},
   title = {[Spatial confinement of intraocular picoseconds-photodisruption effects]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {90},
   number = {4},
   pages = {387-90},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Laser photodisruption is a routinely performed clinical procedure in intraocular microsurgery of post-cataract membranes, anterior synechies and iridectomies. Damage ranges of several millimeters in diameter, however, limit the use of nanosecond photodisruption close to delicate structures, e.g., in the posterior vitreous. Multiple ps-laser pulses of about 100 microJ pulse energy were used to produce disruptive effects in the anterior lens capsule in rabbit eyes in vivo. Ophthalmoscopical and morphological investigations of these effects were compared with those of minimal ns-disruptions. The direct tissue separation effects as well as the collateral damage zones are about one order of magnitude smaller if ps-laser pulses are used. Minimal sizes of disruptive effects are about 50 microns to 150 microns and 500 microns to 1000 microns for ps- and ns-pulses, respectively. The substantial improvement of spatial confinement of ps-photodisruption enables increased precision of intraocular laser microsurgery and opens up new areas of clinical application in structures like the cornea, anterior chamber angle, and crystalline lens.},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects
Lens Capsule, Crystalline/*injuries/pathology
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microsurgery/instrumentation
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8374239},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1993,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selective Rpe Photocoagulation by 1 Usec Laser-Pulses},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {960-960},
   note = {Kt893
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1993KT89301269},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1993,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Gässler, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {The risk of choroidal hemorrhage with diode laser photocoagulation},
   journal = {Jpn J Ophthalmic Surg},
   volume = {6},
   number = {2},
   pages = {285-290},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Chudhry,
   author = {Chaudhry, H. and Lynch, M. and Schomacker, K. and Birngruber, R. and Gregory, K. and Kochevar, I.},
   title = {Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle induced by low-power laser radiation},
   journal = {Photochem Photobiol},
   volume = {58},
   number = {5},
   pages = {661-9},
   note = {0031-8655 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The relaxation of rabbit aorta rings induced by low-power laser radiation was investigated in vitro to determine the location of the chromophore(s) responsible for this response and evaluate possible mechanisms. An action spectrum for relaxation was measured on rabbit thoracic aorta rings precontracted with norepinephrine. The decrease in isometric tension was measured during exposure to laser light (351-625 nm) delivered via a fiber optic to a small spot on the adventitial surface. The shortest UV wavelength (351 nm) was 35-fold more effective than 390 nm and 1700-fold more effective than 460 nm. Ultraviolet wavelengths also produced greater maximum relaxation (0.40-0.45) than visible wavelengths (0.20-0.25), suggesting that photovasorelaxation involves more than one chromophore. The adventitial layer was not necessary for photovasorelaxation, indicating that the light is absorbed by a chromophore in the medial layer. The same degree of relaxation was obtained on rings without adventitia when either one-half of the ring, or a small spot was irradiated indicating that communication between smooth muscle cells spreads a signal from the area illuminated to the entire ring. The mechanism for photovasorelaxation was investigated using potential inhibitors. N-monomethyl-L-arginine and N-amino-L-arginine, inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase, did not alter photovasorelaxation nor did indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, and zinc protoporphyrin, an inhibitor of heme oxygenase.},
   keywords = {Animals
Aorta/*radiation effects
Arginine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
Indomethacin/pharmacology
Light
Models, Chemical
Muscle Relaxation/drug effects/*physiology
Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/*radiation effects
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors
Protoporphyrins/pharmacology
Rabbits
Ultraviolet Rays
Vasodilation/drug effects/*physiology
omega-N-Methylarginine},
   year = {1993}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1993,
   author = {Schmidterfurth, U. and Jacobs, D. and Flotte, T. J. and Gragoudas, E. and Hasan, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Photothrombosis of Ocular Neovascularization Using Benzoporphyrin Derivative (Bpd)},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1303-1303},
   note = {Kt893
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1993KT89302954},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pan1993,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Du, C.W. and Liu, X.D. and Li, Z.G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Monte-carlo simulation of magneto-birefringence in magnetic fluids},
   journal = {J Appl Phys},
   volume = {73},
   number = {10},
   pages = {6142-6144},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1993,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Augenschäden durch Registrierkassen mit Laserscanner},
   journal = {Dtsch. med. Wschr.},
   volume = {118},
   pages = {51-52},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider,
   author = {Roider, J. and Hillenkamp, F. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Microphotocoagulation: selective effects of repetitive short laser pulses},
   journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
   volume = {90},
   number = {18},
   pages = {8643-7},
   note = {0027-8424 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
   abstract = {Repetitive exposure to short laser pulses is shown to cause selective damage to absorbing structures (cells, organelles, or enzymes) with pulse energies below the threshold energy for single-pulse damage. Directly adjacent structures are spared in vivo. Additivity of (presumably nonphotochemical) subthreshold effects is demonstrated. Selective damage to the retinal pigment epithelium with sparing of the neural retina is shown (514 nm, 5 microseconds, 1-500 pulses at 500 Hz, 2- to 10-microJ pulse energy). A melanin granule model has been developed and applied to the experimental situation. Histological results as well as the basic mechanism for these effects are discussed.},
   keywords = {Animals
Fluorescein Angiography
Lasers
Light Coagulation/adverse effects/*methods
Microscopy, Electron
Microsurgery/adverse effects/methods
Probability
Rabbits
Retina/pathology/*radiation effects/ultrastructure
Time Factors},
   year = {1993}
}

@article{Roider1993,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Histologie von Netzhautläsionen nach kontinuierlicher Bestrahlung und nach selektiver Mikrokoagulation des retinalen Pigmentepithels},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {90},
   number = {3},
   pages = {274-8},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Mild continuous wave (CW) irradiation (100 ms, 20 mW, 514 nm) and irradiation with 100 repetitive 5 microseconds laser pulses (3 or 6 microJ, 514 nm) at a repetition rate of 500 Hz was performed to the regio macularis of chinchilla rabbits. The angiographically visible lesions were histologically followed up to 4 weeks. With both irradiation modalities the original retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was replaced by a monolayer of new RPE cells. Only minimal immediate and no subsequent damage to the photoreceptors was found after selective RPE photocoagulation. Only minimal inflammatory response was found after selective RPE photocoagulation in contrast to CW photocoagulation where macrophages, RPE cells and lymphocytes regularly appear in the damaged photoreceptor layer.},
   keywords = {Animals
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Microsurgery/*instrumentation
Photoreceptors/injuries/pathology
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology/*surgery
Rabbits
Regeneration/physiology
Retina/*injuries/pathology
Wound Healing/physiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8334331},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1993,
   author = {Obana, A. and Matsumoto, M. and Miki, T. and Eckert, K. G. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {[Quantification of indocyanine-green enhancement of diode laser photocoagulation]},
   journal = {Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi},
   volume = {97},
   number = {5},
   pages = {581-6},
   note = {0029-0203 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The enhancement by indocyanine-green (ICG) of diode laser photocoagulation was quantified. Since ICG concentration in blood increases and decreases rapidly after a single injection, it is difficult to quantify the exact enhancing effect of ICG. A steady-state plasma concentration (about 30 micrograms/ml) of ICG was achieved by injection of 2.5 mg/kg of ICG followed by continuous injection of 0.45 micrograms/kg/min of ICG. The threshold energy values to obtain grayish white retinal burn or choriocapillary occlusion were evaluated at this steady concentration of ICG, and compared with the values in the absence of ICG. The use of ICG decreased the energy values 7% for retinal burn and 8% for choriocapillary occlusion. Although the total dosage of ICG during the continuous injection was high, the enhancement of retinal burn and choriocapillary occlusion was small.},
   keywords = {Animals
Choroid/pathology/surgery
Indocyanine Green/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology
Infusions, Intravenous
*Laser Coagulation
Rabbits
Retina/pathology/surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8337962},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Abel1992,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Lorenz, B. and Obana, A. and Vogel, Alfred and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Problems of clinical application of diode lasers.},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {3/4},
   pages = {157-163},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1992,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Gässler, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {The therapeutic range of chorioretinal photocoagulation with diode and argon lasers:an experimental comparison},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {3/4},
   pages = {147-156},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}